简论对不同人群的收入差距分解分析

对不同人群的收入差距分解分析一直存在争议。本文提出了一个更简洁的基尼系数分解公式,并在此基础上对群体间基尼系数的应用和群体内基尼系数的进一步分解问题进行了讨论。文章说明,由于交叉项的存在,基尼系数只能对不同收入群体进行有限的分解,对群体内基尼系数的进一步分解是极为勉强的。只有当各群体收入重叠程度较低时,方可对交叉项进行忽略,此时对群体内基尼系数的进一步分解才具有较清晰的经济含义。     

我国少数民族区域人口规模的空间非均衡研究——以新疆南疆三地州为例

我国少数民族区域由于宽松的生育政策,人口自然增长较快,但就人口规模的空间分布而言,少数民族区域内部也会存在着空间非均衡性。文章利用新疆南疆三地州24个县1998~2013年人口规模发展数据,采用Dagum基尼系数分解方法,对南疆三地州人口规模发展的空间非均衡进行了实证研究。结果表明:利用动态分布图直观地展示了南疆三地州人口规模空间分布存在显著的空间非均衡特征,具体来看,克州地区和喀什地区人口规模发展水平较低,而和田地区人口规模发展水平高,并且呈现出波动发展趋势。第二,基尼系数测算及其分解结果表明:南疆三地州人口规模空间分布的总体差距呈波动趋势,地区间差距是总体差距的主要来源,超变密度对南疆三地州人口规模发展总体差距的影响也不断增强。     

我国农民收入差距变化趋势及其结构分解的实证研究

本文发展出一个衡量收入差距的基尼系数计算公式,并分解出构成总收入的各类收入基尼系数及其对总收入差距的贡献率的计算方法。利用《中国统计年鉴》2003—2010年按收入五等份分农村居民家庭基本情况的有关数据,测算出农民各类收入的基尼系数及其分解结果和贡献率情况。实证研究结果表明,近年来我国农民收入实现了持续快速增长,特别是财产性收入和转移性收入增长尤为迅速,农民纯收入中工资性收入和家庭经营纯收入占据了绝对份额;我国农民收入差距呈现出稳中有降的态势,各类收入中财产性收入差距最大,工资性收入和家庭经营纯收入差距对农民纯收入差距的贡献最大。     

中国三大经济地带农村居民收入差距研究

文章采用基尼系数和泰尔指数及其分解方法研究了我国东中西三大经济地带农村居民收入差距问题。基本结论是:我国三大经济地带农村居民收入差距处在一个相对平均的阶段,但其差距有随时间变化而增大的趋势。基尼系数分解结果表明,工资性收入是导致基尼系数增大的最重要的因素,而家庭经营性收入则使基尼系数减小,财产和转移性收入对基尼系数影响不大。泰尔指数分解结果显示,东中西三大地带农村居民收入差距的组间贡献波幅不大,但组内贡献变化明显,三大地带内部差异是导致地区间农村居民收入差距扩大的主要原因。     

我国居民收入差距及其来源分解

改革开放30年来,我国城乡居民收入有了巨大提高,但居民间收入差距也呈现扩大趋势。本文计算了1978～2007年我国城镇、农村和全国居民收入的基尼系数,通过来源分解基尼系数法比较分析了城镇内、农村内和城乡间收入差距的变化趋势及各分项收入的影响作用,并以城乡基尼系数为例对差距增量的来源进行了分解。研究发现,我国城镇、农村、城乡间和全国基尼系数都呈现出波动上升态势,从收入来源来看,各分项收入的影响作用各不相同,城乡差距表现出明显的周期性波动的特征。     

河南省居民收入差距的现状及成因

采用基尼系数指标,描述了河南省1995—2008年的收入差距情况,并从收入来源方面对基尼系数进行了分解,找出了收入差距变动的成因。研究结果表明：收入来源中劳动差别（包括工资性收入和经营性收入）是居民收入差距的决定因素,要素参与分配的比重很小,转移支付的影响也十分有限。     

中国城市与农村基尼系数变动的分解研究

通过对1989-2006年我国基尼系数的变动进行分解我们发现:我国基尼系数的不断提高是由于收入增长的累进性对收入差距的负向效果被收入的流动性所抵消造成的。与城市相比,由于农村居民收入增长的累进性较高,其基尼系数的提高很大程度上被收入增长的累进性抵消掉了,而城市居民收入增长的累进性对缓解城市收入差距所起的作用却相对较小,因此1989年以来农村基尼系数的增长幅度要低于城市。     

基于劳动力划分的基尼系数因素分解模型——中国城镇劳动力收入差距因素分析

劳动力技能的高低是影响其工资收入差距的重要因素。从劳动力技能角度对劳动力进行分组,推导出决定不同类别劳动力份额的技术和制度方面的因素,并将基尼系数用上述诸因素来表示,便得到基尼系数因素分解模型。运用该模型对中国城镇劳动力收入差距进行因素分析,结论认为不同技能劳动力份额及工资差异与基尼系数正相关,失业救济金等转移支付和人均收入水平与基尼系数负相关。     

理性分析收入差距与贫富矛盾

近几年，收入差距与贫富矛盾问题愈来愈受到人们的关注，对这一问题，我们必须冷静思考、分析和处理。 一、关于基尼系数基尼系数是国际上用来分析收入分配差距的基本指标。改革开放以来，我国的基尼系数发生了巨大变化：1978年为0．18，现在已接近0．5，而基尼系数的国际警戒线是0．35—0．4。我们对基尼系数的增加和收入差距的拉大必须保持理智的态度。     

城乡内部引起收入差距主要因素的对比分析——以山东省为例

利用源自CHNS的山东省数据,从收入来源的角度,对城乡内部各自的基尼系数进行分解,通过对比分析分项收入集中率,探究引起城镇和乡村各自内部收入差距的主要因素。得出结论:就经营性收入和工资性收入对收入差距的贡献率来说,城镇明显高于农村;就退休收入和其他收入对收入差距的贡献率来说,农村明显高于城镇;而在转移性收入对收入差距的贡献率方面,两者没有明显差异。     

现行社会保障制度对不同阶层收入影响的实证分析

文章利用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数,首先测算了城镇不同收入阶层缴纳社会保险费后收入分布的变化及基尼系数的变化情况,在此基础上测算了不同收入阶层从政府得到不同社会保障收入后的收入分布的变化及基尼系数的变化情况,从而得出社会保障制度实施的综合效应。分析结果显示,不同类型的社会保障对不同收入阶层的影响是不同的,即使某些政策有利于基尼系数的缩小,但不利于收入最低的阶层。研究认为,有针对性地调整部分社会保障政策,对调整收入分配差距的目标有帮助。     

Decomposition of the Gini Index by Sources of Income

The Gini concentration coefficient is considered to be the best synthetic inequality measure and is widely used in economic research. In this paper, we present its decomposition by factor components with an application to income distributions in Poland. Income inequality measures proposed by Gini, Zenga and Bonferroni are calculated for different socio-economic groups based on their exclusive or primary source of maintenance. For theoretical income distribution, the Dagum type-I model was used. The basis for the calculations was the individual data coming from the Household Budgets Survey conducted quarterly by the Polish Central Statistical Office. Using the decomposition of inequality by source, we were able to examine how changes in particular income components affected overall inequality.      

Report of China Household Income Disparity

Based on China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data, China’s Gini Coefficient stood at 0.61 in 2010, above the global average of 0.44, according to the World Bank. The high Gini Coefficient represents a large income disparity of the country. It is understandable that a high Gini is common in fast-growing economies and can be reduced through government’s transfer payments given the experience of OECD countries. This paper illustrates the breakdown of China’s Gini, regional, rural and urban differences in household income. Specifically, it is found that poor health, insufficient social welfare and low education level are the main reasons for poverty of rural households. This paper also provides solutions to reduce the Gini coefficient. In the short term, China government can invest more on social insurance and implement large-scale transfer payments. The figure shows that China government has sufficient financial sources to strengthen secondary distribution to subsidize the low-income group. In the long term, government can increase overall educational level and reduce the opportunity inequality to narrow the income gap.     

基尼系数理论最佳值及其简易计算公式研究

本文针对《中国统计年鉴》有关城镇和农村居民收入数据单列而难以直接测算城乡合一基尼系数的情况 ,证明了 :在收入五分法下基尼系数的计算方法 ,可以五分法中最高收入组与最低收入组各自所占的收入比重之差来简易计算。文章以严格的数学推导证明出基尼系数的理论最佳值为三分之一 ,并用推导出的简易公式对世界银行利用收入五分法所公布的 3 2个国家的统计数据进行了重新计算 ,结果发现 ,以笔者的简易公式所计算出的基尼系数与世界银行公布的基尼系数极其接近。本文关于基尼系数的简易计算公式及其理论最佳值的分析 ,为中国城乡合一的基尼系数的测算及分析提供了一种新的思路。     

影响我国农村居民收入差距的主要因素:从收入构成角度的分解分析

This paper attempts to explore the causes behind the change of the inequality in China rural areas at the very beginning of this century by decomposing the inequality of the total per capita income into the contributions from different income components. Furthermore, we develop the decomposition method of Gini coefficients from the income components and use it not only in the static analysis but also in comparative static analysis. Namely it can be used to explore the change of the overall inequality by decomposing the change of Gini Coefficient from income components. The empirical results show that the wage from local employment, the income from agricultural household business and the incomes from non-agricultural household business are the three income components that made the largest contributions to the inequality of the total per capita income. The total contribution to the overall inequality of non-agricultural incomes was much more than that of agricultural incomes. The incomes from agricultural household business, the incomes from non-agricultural household business and the wages from migration made the positive impact on the increase of the overall inequality. The incomes donated by relatives and friends made the most important negative impact on the increase of the overall inequality.     

中国行业收入差距的实证分析

本文运用扩展的基尼系数进行实证分析表明,中国行业之间收入差距的基尼系数不断扩大,国有单位行业之间的收入差距基本上与全国行业之间收入差距保持一致,城镇集体单位行业之间收入差距的基尼系数变化不大,其他单位①行业之间收入差距不仅初始值比较高,而且扩大得比较快。造成上述结果的原因,一方面来自市场机制的作用以及私有化所带来的分配不均,另一方面来自国有部门行业之间收入差距扩大的影响及其国有部门行业的垄断性质。     

城乡居民家庭收入流动与长期收入均等

运用相对收入流动指标及绝对收入流动指标对1989—2004年间各时期城市与农村家庭的收入流动性进行分析,我们发现:1989—2004年间各时期内城市与农村家庭的平均收入增长速度从低收入组到高收入组逐层递减。城乡居民收入流动性都处于较高的水平,与城市相比较,农村贫穷阶层家庭的收入向上的流动性要大于城市的贫穷家庭。低收入阶层向上的收入流动以及高收入阶层向下的收入流动使得1989—2004年间各时期城市与农村家庭的长期收入差距得到了缓解。     

Income inequality and FDI: evidence with Turkish data

This article explores how foreign direct investment (FDI) and other determinants impact income inequality in Turkey in the short- and long-run. We apply the nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling approach, which is suitable for small samples. The data for the study cover the years from 1970 to 2008. The empirical results indicate the existence of a co-integration relationship among the variables with asymmetric adjustment of the income distribution in the short- and long-run. The negative impact of FDI on the Gini coefficient, decreasing income inequality, is statistically significant in the short- and long-run, though with a quantitatively small impact in both cases. In the short run, GDP growth increases inequality initially, an effect that is reversed in the next period, increases in domestic gross capital formation decreases inequality, and increases in the literacy rate have very minor adverse effects on income equality. However, in the long run these variables have no statistically significant effects on the Gini coefficient. A reduction in the population growth rate reduces inequality in the short run but has no effect in the long run, whereas an increase in the rate reduces inequality in the long run but has no effect in the short run.     

二元经济中城乡混合基尼系数的计算与分解

关于基尼系数计算方法的文献已经十分丰富,但专门计算城乡混合基尼系数的理论方法,却一直没有得到很好的解决,这导致全国收入分配长期变化方面的某些研究难以深入。本文建立了城乡混合基尼系数的新算法,并给出新的分解形式,同时还提出并论证了度量城乡差距的新指标。该分解形式具有明确的经济含义和理论意义,并且不依赖于“城乡收入分布不重叠”的假定。利用这一分解形式的经济含义,我们分析了几个重要理论问题。最后,应用新算法计算并分解了中国个别年份的城乡混合基尼系数,以检验新算法的有效性。     

Calculation and decomposition of income inequality in low- and middle-income countries: a survey data analysis

This article estimates income inequality in a sample of four low- and middle-income (LMI) countries namely; Albania, Nepal, Tajikistan and Tanzania using the household survey data – Nepal Living Standard Measurement Survey Second. First, we estimate the income generation function for each country and calculate the income inequality using Gini index (GI). Second, we decompose the income Gini into the determinants of income generation functions. Based on the decomposition result, socio-economic factors are the most important determinants of income inequality followed by geographic factors. Demographic factors have the least effect on income inequality in all four countries. Third, we propose a new method to quantify the effect of change in each covariate of income generation function on income Gini. That allows us to quantify the effects of change in specific policy such as increase in investment in schooling or public health to specific group of the population in society on income inequality. A carefully chosen, integrated policy can significantly reduce inequality in all four countries under study.