中国农业科技创新跨域合作的多维邻近差异性研究

文章基于省级行政范围、区域边界维度，针对中国当前各省级区域农业科技专利普遍缺少跨省协同合作这一现象，选取中国农业科技跨域合作数量最多的四大省级行政区（北京、江苏、山东、广东）为研究对象，从多维邻近性视角出发，借助零膨胀负二项回归模型，探析地理邻近性、技术邻近性、关系邻近性对不同区域农业科技跨域协同合作的影响。研究发现：地理邻近、关系邻近普遍显著正向影响农业科技跨域协同合作，而反向表征技术邻近性的技术距离对不同区域农业科技跨域协同合作的影响正负不一，技术距离的平方项对农业科技跨域合作影响普遍不显著。     

基于空间Durbin模型的区域知识溢出效应实证研究

考虑到专利并不完全包含创新知识,将创新知识分为可测度知识和不可测度知识,基于生产函数构建了空间Durbin计量模型,并将知识溢出效应按照空间邻接矩阵的阶数进行分解,研究了空间知识溢出效应随着空间距离增大而变化的特点。通过对我国省级数据进行实证分析发现:首先,空间知识溢出效应存在,知识溢出超越了行政区域的地理边界,溢出到邻近区域且与区域经济发展具有明显的正相关性;其次,在三阶空间邻接矩阵下,知识溢出效应最为显著;再次,知识溢出具有空间局限性,但知识溢出效应并不完全随着空间邻接矩阵阶数的增大而严格递减,而是先增大后减小,知识溢出效应存在一个最优溢出距离。     

技术创新网络多维邻近性演化研究

研究技术创新网络多维邻近性是否伴随创新网络生命周期不同发展阶段而呈现出不同演化特征，对创新网络内部伙伴选择、关系治理和创新绩效发展具有重要意义。基于IBM专利合作网络数据，运用Feature Selection方法，从地理邻近、社会邻近、技术邻近、组织邻近和制度邻近5个维度分析技术创新网络多维邻近性演化特征。结果表明：①生命周期视角下，在创新网络创生阶段，企业选择合作伙伴时主要考虑技术邻近性和组织邻近性，成长阶段主要考虑地理邻近性，成熟和衰退阶段主要考虑社会邻近性；②演化视角下，地理邻近性与技术邻近性曲线呈倒U型关系，地理邻近性在成长期达到最高点，技术邻近性在成熟期达到最高点；制度邻近性与组织邻近性呈U型关系，制度邻近性在成长期达到最低点，组织邻近性在成熟期达到最低点;社会邻近性则随着创新网络生命周期发展一直呈上升态势。     

山西省三种专利产出与区域经济发展关系的实证研究

中国专利产出分为发明专利、实用新型专利和外观设计专利三种。其中发明专利的审批要通过比较漫长的实审流程方可授权,而实用新型专利和外观设计专利只需通过初审流程即可授权。究竟哪一种专利产出可以对区域经济发展产生促进作用呢?经实证研究可以发现,山西省的发明专利产出量与GDP的关系比较显著,因此,山西省应该加大对发明专利的申请和保护力度,使其能够发挥应有的作用,促进山西省经济的发展。     

邻近性与自主合作创新网络演进:以集成电路产业链为例

随着科学的发展及与知识的融合,越来越多的创新通过多个组织合作完成,但现有研究对于合作创新机理仍缺乏共识。从社会网络视角出发,通过引入邻近性概念构建合作创新解释框架,然后基于中国1985-2015年集成电路领域的500 945条专利的全样本数据,通过QAP多元回归分析发现:地理邻近、知识积累邻近、知识结构邻近与创新环境邻近共同影响合作伙伴选择,且随着时间推移与产业发展,地理邻近的重要程度逐渐降低,知识结构邻近的影响呈现U型变化,知识积累邻近和创新环境邻近在产业进入成熟阶段后开始正向影响合作创新伙伴选择,表明合作创新网络内已经出现一定程度的阶层固化现象。     

专利市场化视角下校企发明专利维持时间影响因素比较研究

专利市场化水平通过对专利权人预期收益率的影响与专利维持时间产生联系。对高校和企业发明专利维持时间及其影响因素进行比较,可为提升高校专利市场化水平提供借鉴。从专利市场化视角出发,以华为和华南理工大学（以下简称“华工”）为例,运用回归分析方法对发明专利维持时间影响因素进行研究。结果发现,华为发明专利维持时间较长,且在审查时间、发明人数和权利要求数方面存在较大差异;各自变量对二者发明专利维持时间的解释力度亦有区别。为提升高校专利市场化水平,提出应强化知识产权创造市场导向、优化发明专利性质布局、强化发明专利专业属性、促进校企科研合作等合理化建议。     

专利市场化视角下校企发明专利维持时间影响因素比较研究——以华为和华南理工为例

专利市场化水平通过对专利权人预期收益率的影响与专利维持时间产生联系。对高校和企业发明专利维持时间及其影响因素进行比较,可为提升高校专利市场化水平提供借鉴。从专利市场化视角出发,以华为和华南理工大学(以下简称"华工")为例,运用回归分析方法对发明专利维持时间影响因素进行研究。结果发现,华为发明专利维持时间较长,且在审查时间、发明人数和权利要求数方面存在较大差异;各自变量对二者发明专利维持时间的解释力度亦有区别。为提升高校专利市场化水平,提出应强化知识产权创造市场导向、优化发明专利性质布局、强化发明专利专业属性、促进校企科研合作等合理化建议。     

多维邻近性对我国跨区域产学协同创新的影响:静态与动态双重作用

基于国家知识产权局产学合作发明专利数据,采用负二项回归和逻辑回归模型,研究了多维邻近性对我国跨区域产学协同创新的影响,包括对协同创新绩效的静态影响和对协同创新关系形成与维持的动态影响。研究结果表明,技术邻近与地理邻近的静态和动态影响分别呈倒U型和正向关系;社会邻近能促进协同创新关系形成与维持,不会显著促进协同创新绩效提升,但能够正向调节技术邻近对协同创新的影响;网络邻近对协同创新绩效及其关系形成与维持的影响呈正向关系,且正向调节技术邻近对协同创新关系形成与维持的影响,负向调节社会邻近与地理邻近对协同创新绩效的影响。     

我国高技术产业省际知识溢出:基于地理和技术邻近的分析

利用2001-2010年我国31个省份高技术产业的数据,用空间滞后面板模型检验地理邻近、技术邻近以及综合邻近对区域知识溢出效应的影响.结果显示:在考虑邻近效应后,一省的研发投入对其研发产出存在明显的正向影响,同时省份间的知识溢出情况非常明显.当用专利数衡量区域知识产出的时候,技术邻近对于知识溢出的作用较强;当用新产品产值来衡量时,地理邻近的作用较强.不管用何指标衡量知识产出,综合邻近并没有如预期那样显著地促进了区域间的知识溢出水平.     

技术创新网络多维邻近性演化研究——基于IBM专利合作网络数据

研究技术创新网络多维邻近性是否伴随创新网络生命周期不同发展阶段而呈现出不同演化特征,对创新网络内部伙伴选择、关系治理和创新绩效发展具有重要意义。基于IBM专利合作网络数据,运用Feature Selection方法,从地理邻近、社会邻近、技术邻近、组织邻近和制度邻近5个维度分析技术创新网络多维邻近性演化特征。结果表明:(1)生命周期视角下,在创新网络创生阶段,企业选择合作伙伴时主要考虑技术邻近性和组织邻近性,成长阶段主要考虑地理邻近性,成熟和衰退阶段主要考虑社会邻近性;(2)演化视角下,地理邻近性与技术邻近性曲线呈倒U型关系,地理邻近性在成长期达到最高点,技术邻近性在成熟期达到最高点;制度邻近性与组织邻近性呈U型关系,制度邻近性在成长期达到最低点,组织邻近性在成熟期达到最低点;社会邻近性则随着创新网络生命周期发展一直呈上升态势。     

Enhanced co-citation analysis using frameworks

The valuation of intangible assets, such as patents, has recently been considered an important technique for R&D strategies. This paper proposes a citation analysis as a method of valuation on patent clusters having patent networks. A citation analysis is a method that examines the value of a patent on the basis of the number of citations of references. In particular, a co-citation analysis is used for coupling patents as the patent cluster and valuating the patent cluster. While the co-citation analysis is of great interest as a method of valuation, this analysis has not been fully examined and does not define any framework for a technology transition and patent strategy. Therefore, in this paper, the conventional co-citation analysis for evaluating the patent clusters is enhanced and frameworks for the technology transition and patent strategy are proposed by analysing citation routes in a co-citation analysis.     

专利间知识流动与技术融合趋势研究

通过专利引用关系研究技术交叉融合趋势，进而发掘主流技术领域和新兴领域具有现实意义。考虑到目前专利技术边界划分的片面性、技术融合过程缺乏对时间因素的考虑，提出一套结构化的技术融合分析方法。利用产业与专利的映射关系，构建不同技术领域间知识流动矩阵；从技术溢出、技术影响两个维度，构建技术融合趋势图，刻画出4种不同的技术融合类型，并通过时间序列分析技术融合的动态过程。以国家知识产权局新能源汽车专利数据为例，验证了方法的可行性，发现技术融合过程存在明显的技术邻近性，并且技术融合角色呈现动态变化。     

Quantitative mapping of patented technology — The case of electrical conducting polymer nanocomposite

This study aims to obtain global technology evolution by constructing and analyzing patent citation network and patent citation map for the field of electrical conducting polymer nanocomposite. A total of 1421 patents are retrieved from USPTO patent database and patent citation network is established by combing both patent citation and social network analysis. Network properties, e.g. Degree Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, and Closeness Centrality, are calculated for representing several technology evolution mechanisms that first proposed in this study. Also, a distance-based patent citation map is constructed by calculating relative distances and positions of patents in the patent citation network. Quantitative ways of exploring technology evolution are investigated in this study to unveil important or emerging techniques as well as to demonstrate dynamics and visualization of technology evolutions.     

Monitoring the organic structure of technology based on the patent development paths

As the strategic importance of understanding changes in technology for successful business of most firms increases, the ability to analyze and monitor the current stage and history of technology is reckoned as a critical asset both for gaining competitive advantage and identifying promising niches. Patent citation networks have been widely used for systematic and empirical analysis of technology development. Understanding of technology's detailed changes in large patent citation networks, however, is difficult to achieve because of these networks' large and complex structures. To overcome this problem, we suggest an algorithm that identifies patent development paths from a large patent citation network by evaluating the weight of citations between patents. We then apply this algorithm to flash memory patents in an empirical study. Our algorithm is a new methodology that can be used to analyze the dynamic and complex structure of individual technologies.     

专利特征对加入专利池的影响——基于MPEG LA的实证研究

什么特征的专利更容易加入专利池？以MPEGLA专利池内1073件专利与池外1073件控制专利为样本,实证研究专利技术范围、权利与地域范围、审批与维持时间、前向与后向引用对加入专利池的影响。结果表明,技术和地域覆盖范围越广,维持时间越长,专利引用与被引数次越多,越有可能加入专利池;专利审批时间越长,非专利文献引用越多,越难加入专利池;权利要求范围对专利能否入池无显著影响。研究结论对企业专利文件撰写、专利入池申请及专利池管理机构开展专利评估具有重要意义。     

Monitoring trends of technological changes based on the dynamic patent lattice: A modified formal concept analysis approach

The strategic importance of monitoring technological changes is highlighted given the ever faster pace and increasing complexity of technological innovation. In this respect, patent citation analysis has been the most frequently adopted tool among others. However, patent citation analysis is subject to certain drawbacks that stem from only consideration of citing-cited information and time lags between citing and cited patents. This study proposes a formal concept analysis (FCA)-based approach to developing a dynamic patent lattice that can analyze complex relations among patents and monitor trends of technological changes. The FCA is a mathematical tool for grouping objects with shared properties based on the lattice theory. The distinct strengths of FCA, vis-á-vis other methods, lie in structuring and displaying the relations among objects from a massive amount of data. For the purpose of technology monitoring, the FCA is modified to take into account time periods and changes of patent keywords. A patent context is first constructed with the aid of domain experts and text mining technique. Two types of dynamic patent lattices are then developed by executing the modified FCA algorithm. A case study of laser technology in lithography for semiconductor manufacturing shows that the suggested dynamic patent lattice has considerable advantages over conventional patent citation maps in terms of visualization and informative power.     

A stochastic patent citation analysis approach to assessing future technological impacts

The anticipation and forecast of technological changes are of vital importance, as technological advances become increasingly fast and complex. What is at the core is identification of the current technologies that will drive technological changes over the coming few years. In this respect, numerous approaches have been devised to assess future technological impacts based on patent citation information, but do not provide a fair reflection of dynamic and idiosyncratic aspects of technological impacts as they are deterministic methods based on simple citation counts. We propose a stochastic patent citation analysis that can assess future technological impacts in a time period of interest by employing the future citation count as a proxy. At the heart of the proposed approach is a Pareto/NBD (Negative Binomial Distribution) model for taking into account the dynamic and idiosyncratic aspects of technological impacts. A patent citation matrix is first constructed for each time unit with citation patterns of the past. The future technological impacts are then derived by Pareto/NBD sub-model and gamma–gamma sub-model. A case study of the display technology patents is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. We believe our method can be employed in various research fields, from narrow patent valuation, to broad technological analysis and planning.     

The Effect of Technological Impact upon Patent Renewal Decisions

This paper analyzes the relationship between the technological impact of US patents, as measured using patent citation analysis, and the renewal decisions made by their owners. A significant positive relationship was discovered between these variables across a number of time periods. For example, 60% of patents uncited in the first eight years after publication were renewed at that point, compared with over 90% of patents cited more than 50 times in the first eight years. The relationship between citations and renewals remained highly significant even after controlling for differences between internal and external citations, and differences in technologies and patent ownership. Further analysis was undertaken into the relative influence of technological impact and maintenance costs upon renewal decisions. This analysis revealed that after patent maintenance fees were doubled for patents applied for after August 1982, a larger proportion of patents was maintained at each renewal point despite the increase. These patents also had a greater technological impact than patents applied for prior to the increase in maintenance fees, reflected by the larger number of citations they received. It may thus be inferred that the technological impact of patents had a greater influence upon renewal decisions than economic concerns regarding the costs of their renewal.     

The Effect of Technological Impact upon Patent Renewal Decisions

This paper analyzes the relationship between the technological impact of US patents, as measured using patent citation analysis, and the renewal decisions made by their owners. A significant positive relationship was discovered between these variables across a number of time periods. For example, 60% of patents uncited in the first eight years after publication were renewed at that point, compared with over 90% of patents cited more than 50 times in the first eight years. The relationship between citations and renewals remained highly significant even after controlling for differences between internal and external citations, and differences in technologies and patent ownership. Further analysis was undertaken into the relative influence of technological impact and maintenance costs upon renewal decisions. This analysis revealed that after patent maintenance fees were doubled for patents applied for after August 1982, a larger proportion of patents was maintained at each renewal point despite the increase. These patents also had a greater technological impact than patents applied for prior to the increase in maintenance fees, reflected by the larger number of citations they received. It may thus be inferred that the technological impact of patents had a greater influence upon renewal decisions than economic concerns regarding the costs of their renewal.     

Extracting the commercialization gap between science and technology — Case study of a solar cell

In this paper, we compared structures of the citation network of scientific publications with those of patents, and discussed the differences between them. A case study was performed in a solar cell to develop a method of detecting gaps between science and technology. Scientific research has tended to be more basic, especially in terms of cell design, whereas patents have focused on more applied technology used in solar cell modules. Of the major citation clusters of scientific publications, only two, namely silicon and compound solar cells, corresponded semantically with patent clusters. Conversely, there were no patent clusters corresponding to the other two scientific research fronts, namely dye-sensitized and polymer solar cells. These research areas could be regarded as opportunities for industrial commercialization because scientific activities exist but not technological applications. Our results could offer an intellectual basis for discovering potential opportunities for industrial commercialization.