我国农村贫困区域及农村人口转移问题研究

从居民个体与区域政府角度分析了"农村贫困区域"问题的表现特征,并认为区域政府在为城乡提供公共物品方面的缺乏是"农村贫困区域"的重要特征.从克服地理障碍的发展成本、距离成本、市场条件、发展机会及交换权利短缺,体制与制度力量空间潜力狭小,人口迁移存在障碍等方而分析了"农村贫困区域"形成的内在机制.最后提出了解决问题的具体措施,并认为促进农村人口城市化转移才是解决农村贫困区域问题的根本.     

中国农业增长研究述评

舒尔茨(Schultz)指出,农业发展过程中存在两个阶段的问题:发展中国家的粮食问题(foodproblem)和发达国家的农业调整问题(farmproblem)。^[1]速水和神门(Hayami and Godo)又在两者之间加入了一个新问题——中等收入国家农民的贫困问题(poverty problem)。^[2]在发展中国家,如同现在非洲的情况,随着经济的起飞和收入的扩张,非农部门对粮食的需求急剧增加。但是,由于粮食产量低下、人口增长,发展中国家的粮食总是不足以满足人民的需求,因而可能导致高昂的粮食价格并阻碍其他产业的发展,这就是粮食问题。     

公共资源的未来

土地、水源、空气、遗传物质、知识等公共资源应该由谁拥有并按何种方式进行管理?古典政治经济学认为个体占有生产资料,通过劳动创造价值并在"自由、公平"的市场进行交换,是创造国家财富、服务公共利益最好的方式。马克思则让我们看到,这种经济体系实质上一方面是通过剥削生产过程中的活劳动,为资本所有者生产剩余价值;另一方面,工业体系的发展带来新的劳动形式:集体劳动。这种劳动形式派生的对公共财产的权利也应该是集体的或者联合的。面对新自由主义近几十年的发展所带来的急剧恶化的贫困、生态等问题,我们需要找到富有创造性的方法,发挥集体劳动的力量,建立一种崭新的、面向所有人的财富共有权。     

森关于权利交换理论的中国验证及其启迪

阿玛蒂亚·森的权利交换理论揭示了贫困的根本，其原因实质是反映了人与人之间的关系，认为贫困不单纯是一种供给不足，而更多是一种权利不足，即对人们权利的剥夺。本文依据森的理论，结合中国贫困现象，论述了以贸易为基础的权利、以生产为基础的权利、劳动权利以及制度灾害使基本生存权利等弱化现象，分析了森的“权利方法”对深入理解中国农村贫困原因的意义。     

国家治理与粮食安全：基于中国传统荒政思想的考察

保障粮食安全是实现经济发展、社会稳定、国家安全的重要基础。抓好粮食生产是保障粮食安全的关键,而良好的国家治理体系是保障粮食安全的前提。主流文献已就事前粮食生产与预防思考、事后冲击评估及政策反思等问题做了大量探讨,但较少关注国家应急治理应采取怎样的事中应对策略以保障粮食安全。为此,文章从思想史角度出发,借鉴粮食获取权理论和国家能力四分法分析中国传统荒政思想的要旨和价值。研究发现：（1）中国传统荒政中增强粮食安全的措施大体可划分为四个维度,即在时间维度上的粮食资源跨周期调节、在空间维度上的粮食资源跨地区调节、在直接权利维度上的贷种借牛和蠲免缓征等措施、在贸易权利维度上的减免商税和以工代赈等措施。（2）中国传统荒政思想已经意识到,落实这些主张需要政府拥有强制能力以维持灾区秩序、汲取能力以提供荒政所需资源、递送能力以实现救荒资源投放、信息决策能力以提升治理质量。（3）中国传统荒政思想的理论价值在于为马克思主义中国化粮食安全理论打通了历史根脉,其实践意义在于从完善国家治理体系角度为中国夯实粮食安全保障提供了历史经验,其世界意义在于为其他发展中国家提供了荒政理念校准、策略体系对照与治理技术参考。     

从非福利主义分析农民工就业的权利贫困

20世纪70年代以后,福利经济学兴起了非福利主义的研究浪潮。森的非福利主义的研究包括个人生活权利自由和社会生活中个人权利的对策论框架。农民工就业的权利贫困表现自组织型就业导致就业渠道狭窄和流动性就业导致社会保险不足。非福利主义对农民工就业权利贫困的启示是:农民工就业的权利贫困是农民工就业质量不高的表现,影响农民工的幸福感和其子女的自由选择权利。     

跨文化分析的人类发展理论

本文阐述社会经济发展、个人解放取向的文化变迁、民主化三个过程所构成的社会进步的一种连聚合性的症候群。这样一种症候群,其共同焦点是不能由经典现代化理论所恰当地说明的。我们把这一症候群解释为"人类发展",意在表明,它的三个构成要素拥有一个共同焦点,即在于拓宽人类的选择。社会经济发展通过增加个人的资源,赋予人类以选择的客观手段;不断增长的解放取向的价值观强化了人们对于选择的主观定向而民主化则通过制度化的自由权利提供了选择的合法化保证。对"世界价值观调查"数据的分析表明,个体资源、解放取向的价值观、自由权利之间的联系在跨国家、跨地区和跨文化区域之间是普遍存在的;这种人类发展的症候群是被一种个体资源和对于自由权利的解放取向的价值观的因果效应所塑造的;而这种效应是通过它对于精英的品质的影响力而起作用的,因为这种因素使自由权利变得更有效。     

CGIAR——现代生物技术的国际研究中心

据经济合作与发展组织的经济学家分析,世界人口正以每年9000万的速度增长,人类正迫近有史以来人口增长率最高的时期。人口的迅速增加是粮食需求量增长的重要因素;经济收入的增长,又会导致人均粮食消费量的增加。对大多数发展中国家来说,全面的经济增长必须以农业为先导。现在,占世界人口75%的发展中国家只拥有世界谷物总产量的50%,人均250公斤,为发达国家的33%左右。虽然亚洲和拉丁美洲在粮食方面取得了巨大的成就,但是非洲国家的绿色革命尚有待发生。发展中国家约     

高校思想政治教育的反贫困功能探析

贫困是指在特定人类共同体中某些成员其获取维持在该共同体内体面生存的价值要素的可能性低于该共同体平均水平的现象。财富则是被特定人类共同体公认的可以归属于特定主体的价值要素的总称。价值要素就是指能够直接或间接满足人类某种需要的对象。个体思想观念的偏差与思想素质的缺陷是导致个体贫困的思想因素,高校思想政治教育可以通过对大学生进行科学的财富观教育及现代财商教育发挥其反贫困功能。     

中国农村区域性贫困陷阱研究——基于“群体效应”的视角

本文通过构造多层次计量模型,采用CHNS(2000-2009)微观数据,在国内首次考察了"群体效应"影响个体生活水平和区域间收入不平等的动态变化、进而导致我国农村区域性贫困陷阱的路径。本文研究表明,个体的生活水平高低与区域贫困状况,不仅与个体的物质资本与人力资本积累等变量相关,还明显地受到群体(社区/村落)层次因素的影响;群体中农业人口比例越高、平均教育水平越低、与外界信息交流越少,则个体收入水平越低;在经济发展水平较低时期,群体效应是导致贫困陷阱的主导因素,而当经济发展水平越过某个临界值时,个体层次因素成为决定个体收入和生活状况的主要因素。本文主张,在经济发展水平较低的地区或时期,应采用普适性的扶贫政策,通过群体效应达到减贫效果;随着经济发展的推进,则更多地采用瞄准性的扶贫开发政策,以促进个体能力开发和人力资本积累。     

Why Isn't the Doha Development Agenda more Poverty Friendly?

Critics of the Doha Development Agenda rightly point to the lack of aggressive reform in wealthy countries for its role in dampening developing country gains. The authors find that the absence of tariff cuts on staple food products in developing countries also critically limits poverty reduction in those countries. Based on their analysis of the impacts of multilateral trade policy reforms in a sample of 15 developing countries, they find there is some evidence of poverty increases amongst the poor who work in agriculture when they lose protection for their earnings. However, these effects are minimized when agricultural tariffs are cut in all developing countries, and when the impact of lower food prices on low income consumers is taken into account in their 15 country sample.     

Do brain drain and poverty result from coordination failures?

The bidirectional causal links between high-skilled emigration and poverty can give rise to multiple equilibria and coordination failures. Two countries sharing identical characteristics may end up in either a “low poverty-low brain drain” equilibrium or in a “high poverty-high brain drain” equilibrium. In this paper, we build a model which endogenizes high-skilled emigration and economic performances in order to derive the conditions under which multiplicity occurs. After identifying country-specific parameters, we find that in the majority of developing countries, the best equilibrium is selected and that the observed brain drain is inevitable. In 22 small developing countries however, the worse equilibrium prevails, implying that poverty and brain drain are increased by coordination failure. These countries require appropriate development policies, such as a temporary subsidization of the repatriation of their high-skilled expatriates. Our results are robust to the inclusion of a brain gain mechanism.     

Is green growth relevant for poor economies?

To be relevant to developing countries, green growth must be reconciled with the two key structural features of natural resource use and poverty in these countries. First, primary products account for the majority of their export earnings, and they are unable to diversify from primary production. Second, many economies have a substantial share of their rural population located on less favored agricultural land and in remote areas, thus encouraging “geographic” poverty traps. If green growth is to be a catalyst for economy-wide transformation and poverty alleviation in developing countries, then it must be accompanied by policies aimed directly at overcoming these two structural features. Policies and reforms should foster forward and backward linkages of primary production, enhance its integration with the rest of the economy, and improve opportunities for innovation and knowledge spillovers. Rural poverty, especially the persistent concentration of the rural poor on less favored agricultural lands and in remote areas, needs to be addressed by additional targeted policies and investments, and where necessary, policies to promote rural-urban migration.     

Poverty as social deprivation: a survey

The concept of poverty is discussed using qualitative and quantitative measures as an indicator for social deprivation. Poverty can be absolute, relative, income based, consumption based, or entitlement based. The variation in the concept of poverty reveals its dimensionality. However, when closely examined, these dimensions are seen to be conceptually interrelated and complementary rather than substitutable. The concept used to define poverty determines the methods employed to measure it. Composite indicators can hide important policy messages inherent in their constituent variables.     

Poverty Reduction through Growth and Redistribution Policies—a Panel Analysis for 59 Developing Countries

In this paper, we empirically test the determinants of growth, as derived from a semi‐endogenous growth model, in terms of its poverty‐reducing effects. We base our empirical analysis of the growth and distribution effect of economic policies on a panel data set of 59 developing countries, divided into two subgroups, and a sample period ranging from 1960 to 2004. For purposes of estimation we make use of the generalized methods of moments (GMM) system estimator. The estimations reveal a poverty‐reducing effect of investment. In contrast population growth induces higher poverty. The import of knowledge is growth enhancing only for countries at a higher stage of development—meanwhile the positive growth effect of an increasing democratization is limited to the poor developing countries.     

中国、巴西：城市反贫困的比较及其启示

中国、巴西都是发展中国家,贫困问题尤其是城市贫困问题在一定程度上具有相似性。从巴西反贫困经验看,中国在城市反贫困问题上应缩小收入分配差距,扩大中等阶层收入,保护农村流动人口合法权益,给予城市农村流动人口与城市居民平等待遇并建立健全社会保障体系。     

Is there a link between alcohol consumption and the level of poverty?

In many developing countries, in addition to household income, there are a number of other socio-economic determinants of poverty. One such hidden socio-economic factor is alcohol consumption and some studies argue that there is a link between alcohol consumption and poverty. The main aim of this study is to measure the effects of alcohol consumption on the level of poverty in a systematic way. Using Sri Lanka as a case study, this article demonstrates that the consumption of various types of alcoholic beverages, particularly, the illegal beverages, has a significant positive association with the level of poverty. The findings of this study suggest that, in Sri Lanka, the consumption of illegal alcoholic beverages increases the likelihood of being in a poor household by 2–3%. The results of this study also find that households who are characterized as nonpoor but are just above the poverty line behave more like the poor rather than the nonpoor in terms of alcohol consumption. Some of the conclusions from this Sri Lankan case study can be applied to other developing countries.     

Growth,inequality, and poverty reduction in developing countries: Recent global evidence

The study presents comparative global evidence on the transformation of economic growth to poverty reduction in developing countries, with emphasis on the role of income inequality. The focus is on the period since the early-mid-1990s when growth in these countries as a group has been relatively strong, surpassing that of the advanced economies. Both regional and country-specific data are analyzed for the $1.25 and $2.50-level poverty headcount ratios using World Bank Povcalnet data. The study finds that on average income growth has been the major driving force behind both the declines and increases in poverty. The study, however, documents substantial regional and country differences that are masked by this ‘average’ dominant-growth story. While in the majority of countries, growth was the major factor behind falling or increasing poverty, inequality, nevertheless, played the crucial role in poverty behavior in a large number of countries. And, even in those countries where growth has been the main driver of poverty-reduction, further progress could have occurred under relatively favorable income distribution. For more efficient policymaking, therefore, idiosyncratic attributes of countries should be emphasized. In general, high initial levels of inequality limit the effectiveness of growth in reducing poverty while growing inequality increases poverty directly for a given level of growth. It would seem judicious, therefore, to accord special attention to reducing inequality in certain countries where income distribution is especially unfavorable. Unfortunately, the present study also points to the limited effects of growth and inequality-reducing policies in low-income countries.     

IS POVERTY INCREASING IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD?

We assess the developing world's progress in reducing poverty during the late 1980s using new data on the distribution of household consumption or income per person for 44 countries. Local currencies are adjusted to purchasing power parity. To assess robustness, restricted dominance tests are applied to the poverty comparisons. An overall decrease in poverty incidence is indicated over a wide range of poverty lines and measures. However the change is small, and numbers of poor increased at roughly the rate of population growth. The experience was diverse across regions and countries; poverty fell in South and East Asia, while it rose in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa.     

Poverty decompositions with counterfactual income and inequality dynamics

Traditional poverty accounting decomposes changes in a country's poverty headcount ratio into changes in income and inequality. We argue that this approach is unsatisfactory from the perspective of policy analysis because it compares a country in two points of time without taking the country's initial situation, and hence its potential for poverty reduction, into account. We thus suggest comparing traditional poverty decompositions with a counterfactual situation. This counterfactual indicates what a country starting from its initial situation could be expected to achieve in terms of income, inequality, and, hence, poverty developments. We construct those counterfactuals by modeling income and inequality trends characterized by convergence and a “Kuznets” relationship between inequality and development. Parameters in those relationships are estimated using PovcalNet survey data from 144 countries and we construct our counterfactual poverty predictions for 71 developing countries. While there is overall a tight relationship between actual developments and counterfactuals, we identify several cases, where both deviate from each other and discuss the policy implications. We also check for commonalities in differently performing countries and find that those who fell particularly short of expectations often underwent political transition and state fragility.