社会保障税与社会保障制度优化

社会保障税是指定用于社会保障的工薪税。本文分析了工薪税的税收归宿和劳动供给弹性的影响。当劳动供给弹性较小时 ,税收主要由劳动力负担 ,而且可能会增加就业压力 ;工薪税在劳动同质程度较高时可以取得较好的再分配效应。本文还描述了社会保障制度优化的理论过程。社会保障制度优化是指现收现付计划和强制储蓄计划的最优搭配 ,它以“黄金律”条件下的隔代帕累托改进为标准。就同代收入再分配而言 ,将收入再分配计划的目标定为提高受益人的受教育水平 ,而不是直接为其提供免费的社会福利 ,将有助于缓解收入再分配的代价。     

论社会保障税与社会保障的可持续发展

建立健全与经济发展水平相适应的社会保障体系,是经济社会协调发展的必然要求。但是现行社会保障收费制度越来越难以满足社会保障对资金的庞大需求,社会保障资金筹措困难,社会保障筹资方式的弊端日益凸显。为了进一步健全社会保障体系,解决当前和今后社会保障资金的来源问题,开征社会保障税已成为当务之急。     

公民社会保障权与农村社会保障制度

构建农村社会保障制度,应以宪法赋予农村居民的社会保障权为依据,以实现城乡社会保障体系一体化为目标,加大中央政府资助力度,从完善社会救济制度起步,并着力于在农村建立重大公共传染性疾病的防治保障制度,同时还应在对城市居民养老保险和医疗保险实行"统账分离"的基础上,分步骤为农村居民提供社会统筹养老保险和医疗保险.     

Privatizing Social Security

This paper studies the political sustainability of the existing pay-as-you-go Social Security system in the face of recent demographic patterns. We analyze different approaches to privatizing the system and consider what it would require for them to be politically implementable. The analysis is based on an overlapping-generations economy where an initial generation would choose to implement a pay-as-you-go social insurance system. We study the sustainability of this system in each subsequent period. We describe some transition policies that make the current generations of agents at least as well off as the maintenance of the Social Security system. All feasible transition policies use debt to finance the benefits during the transition period, shifting at least some of the cost to unborn generations.     

Strengthening Social Security

Social Security's core protections must be maintained, according to this author. He believes that by creating universal savings accounts and investing a small portion of the Social Security trust fund in equities, it is possible to secure the long-term future of Social Security without subjecting workers to the risks of individual, private accounts.     

Social Security Liabilities

This paper reviews the long-term financial problems facing the U.S. Social Security system. Not only is the system out of long-term actuarial balance, but implicit rates of return on worker contributions are low and dropping. The paper discusses different approaches for dealing with the twin problems suggested by the 1994–1996 Advisory Council on Social Security, ending with a case for a middle-of-the-road approach featuring modest long-term benefit cuts and small, centrally managed, add-on individual accounts. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: H55.     

西方社会保障制度改革与我国社会保障制度的重构

我国的社会保障制度还很不完善,社会保障水平严重落后于经济发展水平。我国应积极借鉴国外的经验与教训,加速建立全国统一的社会保障制度;逐步增加社会保障项目,完善社会保障的功能和体系;推进相关制度和政策的改革与调整;协调政府保障与家庭保障、社区保障、企业补充保险和商业保险。     

Social Security Income and Health Care Spending: Evidence from the Social Security Notch

In this paper, I exploit Social Security legislation changes to identify the causal effect of Social Security income on out‐of‐pocket medical expenditures of the elderly. Using the 1986–1994 Consumer Expenditure Survey and an instrumental variables strategy, the empirical results show that health care expenditures are responsive to changes in Social Security income for elderly individuals with less than a high‐school education. The estimated income elasticities are between 1.41 and 3.47, depending on the outcome measures, and are statistically significant at conventional levels. The findings are in contrast to existing studies that find a small income elasticity at the individual/household level.     

Social Security and Family Support

This paper shows how the role of the market, the state and the family in providing old‐age support has evolved over time with changes in factors such as the reliability and the effectiveness of family support, the interest rate, the cost of public funds, and earning inequality. Agents with different productivity vote over the size of a Beveridgian pension system. When children assistance is certain, agents may rely exclusively on family and prefer no pension. However, when the size and the probability of family generosity decrease, social security is more likely to emerge.     

Social Security must be reformed

Today's Social Security system must be reformed not only because it will soon be in financial crisis but also because it is simply a bad deal for most Americans, this author believes. She argues that it should be transformed into a system of personal retirement accounts and uses the example of San Diego, which opted out of Social Security in 1981 and replaced it with a mandatory defined contribution program for city employees, to show the benefits of private accounts.     

Political Equilibria with Social Security

We model pay-as-you-go social security systems as the outcome of majority voting within a overlapping generations model with production. When voting, individuals make two choices, pay the elderly their pensions or default, which amount to promise themselves next period. Under general circumstances, there exist equilibria where pensions are voted into existence and maintained. Our analysis uncovers two reasons for this. The traditional one relies on intergenerational trade and occurs at inefficient equilibria. A second reason relies on the monopoly power of the median voter. It occurs when a reduction in current saving induces a large enough increase in future return on capital to compensate for the negative effect of the tax. We characterize the steady state and dynamic properties of these equilibria and study their welfare properties. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C78,     

社会保障与可持续发展

社会保障是可持续发展的重要组成部分,健全的社会保障是实现社会公平和社会稳定的主要手段。我国的社会保障正处于制度化建设的初期,针对我国社会保障的现状,提出了实现社会保障可持续发展的几点建议。     

开征社会保障税与完善社会保障制度的思考

本文介绍了世界各国社会保障税运行的基本情况，分析了我国社会保障筹资模式存在的主要问题．指出开征社会保障税势在必行，并对如何开征社会保障税的内容提出了自己的设想。     

社会保险缴费与转嫁效应

经典的税收转嫁理论认为税负会根据供需弹性进行转嫁,实际发生率与法定征税对象无关.本文基于社会保险费二元征管体制下不同征收机构的征收强度在《社会保险法》颁布后出现分化这一政策冲击,构造三重差分模型研究社保缴费在企业和职工间的转嫁,研究发现:政策冲击使劳动密集型企业相对于非劳动密集型企业的社保缴费强度提升了约12％,相当于工资比重的1.5％.征管部门优先处理集体劳动争议以及劳动密集型企业更大程度通过低报工资基数低缴社保是政策冲击对不同劳动密集型企业社保缴费产生异质性影响的重要原因.结构分解表明政策冲击主要提升了企业养老保险和医疗保险缴费强度.验证社保缴费在企业和职工间的转嫁,本文发现企业并未通过减少就业、降低其他类型薪酬或提升职工学历结构的形式将增加的社保缴费转嫁给职工.相比于工资刚性,效率工资假说、缴费与福利的关联程度不高更可能是未发生转嫁的主要原因.本文从社保征管体制、法定性和企业异质性方面,为提升社保缴费提供了新的思路并重新审视了税收转嫁理论,对提升社保征管效率、选取减税降费对象、权衡减税降费目标和社保基金的可持续运行具有新的启示.     

Markovian Social Security in Unequal Societies

In this paper, we develop a dynamic political‐economic theory of social security. We analytically characterize a Markov perfect equilibrium and find that the interaction between Markovian tax policy and tax distortion on private investment in human capital shapes an intertemporal policy rule, linking taxes positively over time. By allowing current taxpayers to influence their own future social security benefits, the positive intertemporal tax linkage provides political support for social security. Moreover, this positive tax linkage leads to a negative correlation between wage inequality and the size of a nation's social security system, consistent with the empirical pattern observed across OECD countries.