农户产权抵押借贷行为对家庭福利的影响——来自陕西、宁夏1479户农户的微观数据

本文运用Tobit回归方程测算陕西、宁夏农村产权抵押试点地区农户产权抵押融资借贷行为对家庭福利的影响。研究显示,农户产权抵押借款对农户的家庭年收入、非农收入、生活消费支出和生产性支出均存在显著正向影响,显著改善了农户家庭福利水平,其中对生活消费支出的促进作用最为明显;而借贷对农户家庭农业收入影响不显著。研究还发现,土地经营规模、房屋价值、家庭经营类型对农户家庭收入及支出情况具有显著影响。因此,应进一步推进农村产权抵押融资模式发展,加大宣传力度,积极稳妥地推进农村土地流转,扶持、发展适度规模经营,提高农民科学文化素养,激活农村金融市场。     

农村土地征收对被征地农户福利的影响评价——基于阿马蒂亚·森的可行能力理论

运用阿马蒂亚·森的可行能力理论,构建被征地农户福利状况变化的评价指标体系,利用模糊综合评价办法评测农村土地征收前后湖南省不同经济发展程度区域被征地农户福利状况变动,并实证分析影响被征地农户福利变动的因素。结果表明:土地征收完成后被征地农户福利状况有所改善,但不同区域存在显著差异;土地征收完成后被征地农户福利水平变异系数增大,农户个体福利分化明显;土地征收补偿形式、区域发达程度、教育状况因素等对被征地农户福利水平变动存在正向影响,征地面积比重、劳动力年龄等因素对被征地农户福利水平变动存在负向影响,二者的作用程度呈递减态势。显著提升被征地农户福利水平,减少被征地农户福利水平变动的差异性,需要从完善被征地农户的社会保障程度、完善农村土地征收补偿模式和完善配套基础设施等方面入手。     

土地征收中农户福利变化及其影响因素——基于江苏省不同地区的农户问卷调查

基于森的可行能力理论,从家庭经济状况、社会保障、居住状况、景观环境和心理状况5个维度构建失地农民福利评价指标体系。采用模糊综合评价法比较分析江苏省不同经济发展水平地区土地征收前后农户福利水平的变化,并实证检验引起农户福利差异性变化的影响因素。结果表明:1征地后农户福利水平有所提高,总模糊指数从0.375上升到0.421。但地区间存在较为明显的差异,其中,苏州市和南通市样本农户福利水平均呈上升趋势,增幅分别为24.7%和9.5%;宿迁市农户福利水平则有所下降。2征地后农户福利水平的变异系数从0.224上升到0.439,个体间福利分化趋于严重。3征地补偿形式、地区经济发展水平、家庭非农就业率、劳动力平均受教育水平和征地时间对农户福利变化具有显著的正向影响,且作用程度递减;征地面积占比、家庭人口抚养比重和劳动力平均年龄对农户福利变化具有显著的负向影响,且作用程度逐步减弱。切实提高农户福利水平,降低失地农民内部福利变化差异性,需从完善失地农民社会保障体系、多元化征地补偿方式、加强失地农民就业指导培训和完善基础设施及配套设施建设等方面着力。     

劳动力流动对农村经济的影响效应——基于对重庆市137个自然村有无外出务工家庭的调查分析

本文运用国家社科基金课题组2010年初在重庆地区137个自然村有外出务工家庭和无外出务工家庭的问卷调查为研究样本,分析了重庆市农村劳动力流动的个体特征,劳动力流动对农民家庭收支、福利及农户农业生产的影响.结果发现:农村劳动力流动对增加农村居民收入、缓解农民家庭贫困、改善农民家庭福利状况及促进土地流转具有积极效应;对农村劳动力和土地等基本资源的合理配置具有一定的促进作用,但对农业产出率的提高和技术进步的作用不显著.     

基于Logistic回归模型的农户宅基地流转意愿研究——以微观福利为视角

通过对“武汉城市圈”农户宅基地流转意愿的抽样调查,采用问卷调查法和Logistic分析方法,从福利角度研究农户宅基地流转意愿与宅基地功能、农户家庭属性特征、农户心理特征等的关系,探寻影响农户宅基地流转的主要因素.研究表明:当前农户流转宅基地的意愿比例为18.97％;影响农户宅基地流转意愿的因素依次为户主受教育程度、庭院经营性收入、家庭归属感、宅基地区位条件和家庭非农收入比例;其中户主受教育程度、家庭非农收入比例的影响方向为正,其他因素的作用方向为负.基于此,提出了农村宅基地流转的相应对策:开展对宅基地福利水平的评估,给予流转农户足额福利补偿;建立统筹城乡的公共服务体系及社会保障体系;加强新安置点的选址与规划,使宅基地流转后农户福利水平随着社会经济发展而逐渐得到提高.     

农户正规信贷违约影响因素实证分析——以陕西省渭南市农村信用社贷款农户问卷调查数据为例

笔者以陕西省400个农户的调查数据为基础,运用方差和Logit回归分析,对农户正规信贷违约的影响因素进行实证研究.结果显示,户主文化程度、家庭收入、打工人数、是否种粮户、是否有借款、贷款金额及借贷方式以及农户的主观努力程度等对农户信贷违约具有显著影响.笔者据此得出农户家庭经营能力、经济结构和收入以及信贷产品设计是影响农户信贷违约关键因素的结论,并提出增强农户经营管理能力、扶持农户多元增收和完善金融服务模式等政策建议.     

易地扶贫搬迁对农户收入的影响机理及效应——基于陕南3市8县1712个农户数据的实证分析

持续、稳定地提高农户收入是“后搬迁”时期巩固易地搬迁脱贫成果，防止搬迁农户返贫、返迁的关键。利用陕南三市1 712个农户实地调查数据，基于收入结构的视角，构建易地搬迁影响农户收入的直接和间接作用机制，并使用PSM方法和中介效应分析方法进行实证检验。结果发现：(1)搬迁具有明显的农户“自选择”特征，在消除选择性偏差之后，搬迁显著提高了农户的总收入，从分项收入来看，搬迁显著降低了农户种植业收入、林业收入和养殖业收入，显著提高了务工收入，但搬迁对资产性收入和非农自营收入的影响并不明显。(2)在搬迁对非农收入影响中，非农劳动供给的中介效应显著，占比43.43%，农户对补贴的“福利依赖”阻碍了其非农收入的提高，遮掩效应占比11.00%，搬迁显著提高了农户家庭的市场可及性、非农发展环境和非农发展内生动力，但尚未转化为非农收入的提高，由于技能培训存在时滞，家庭特殊技能人口占比的中介效应亦不显著。(3)集中安置农户对补贴的福利依赖更强，其“遮掩效应”更加明显，而对于分散安置农户，市场可及性的中介效应变得显著。结果意味着，搬迁后要促进农户持续稳定增收，一是应通过机制保障和政策激励，实现农户增收渠道多样化...     

农村公共物品对农户福利影响理论研究综述

农户生活质量与福利状况是当前中国农村经济政策研究中最为基础、最为重要和最为突出的问题。我国学者在农村公共物品对农户福利影响方面进行了许多有意义的研究,但也存在不少欠缺之处。本文通过对已有文献的梳理,从农户享受的社会公共服务状况、农户福利的内涵、特定种类公共物品供给对农户福利的影响以及研究方法几个角度展开综述。     

NGO小额信贷对农户借款决策、借款额度影响因素的实证分析——基于河北省7县822个农户的调查

笔者利用NGO扶贫贷款调查数据,采用配对样本多项选择Logit模型,对NGO小额贷款介入前后贫困农户借款决策、借款额度的影响因素进行了分析。结果显示,接受NGO小额贷款后,贫困农户借款发生率和借款总额明显下降,单户借款额度却相对上升;农户主要借款途径由私人借款转向农村信用社和其他渠道。实证研究显示,除户主个人特征、家庭人口构成等内在因素对贫困农户借款行为影响显著外,农村金融供给状态也是重要的外在性影响因素。在金融抑制条件下,正规金融机构贷款门槛较高,私人借贷成为贫困农户借款的主要供给者。NGO小额信贷通过提升贫困农户的经济能力来转变其借款行为,在农户借贷途径由私人借贷转向信用社借贷过程中发挥着"助推器"作用。     

新疆兵团农户借贷行为及其影响因素的实证研究

本文以新疆兵团农户调查为基础,研究了在新疆兵团特殊的金融供给制度下农户借贷行为特征,并运用TOBIT模型对农户借贷行为的影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:种植规模、农业支出、金融供给制度对农户正规借贷具有正向影响,而地区差异则对其具有负向影响;种植规模、非农业经营支出、家庭资产状况、子女教育支出、借款用途对农户非正规借贷具有正向影响,而非农业经营收入、受教育年限、社会关系则对其具有负向影响。     

农户金融抑制及其福利损失的计量分析

本文运用biprobit模型和match模型,采用3000个农户的微观数据,计量分析了农户金融抑制的程度及其福利损失的大小。研究发现,农户金融抑制的程度为70.92%;由于金融抑制,所有样本农户平均所损失的纯收入、净经营收入、消费性支出和非土地性资产分别为9.43%、15.43%、15.57%和14.58%,直接受到金融抑制的样本农户平均所损失的纯收入、净经营收入、消费性支出和非土地性资产分别为9.55%、16.83%、16.46%和14.70%;土地面积、教育和医疗费用支出,对农户资金需求具有正的显著影响,金融资产余额对农户资金需求具有负的显著影响,生产性固定资产原值、受教育水平、交通条件和地理位置对农户资金需求的影响不显著;土地面积、受教育程度、地理位置和“关系”对资金供给具有正的显著影响,固定资产总值、交通条件对资金供给的影响不显著。     

Econometric analysis of credit constraints of chinese rural households and welfare loss

Using recent survey data of Chinese rural households, we estimate the impact of credit constraints on Chinese rural households’ income and consumption. Results reveal that 71% of rural households are rationed in the credit markets. The credit constraints have significant negative effects on the income and consumption of rural households. The expenditures on education and medical treatments, the size of land holdings, household head education and the balance of financial capital all affect the demand of credit. Personal connections (relationship) are the most important determinate of the supply for credit.     

财富不平等会抑制金融素养对家庭借贷行为的作用效果吗*——基于CHFS数据的经验分析

本文基于2013年中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）数据,选用工具变量法,考察了金融素养对城乡家庭借贷行为影响的差异性,并验证了财富不平等扩大会抑制金融素养对家庭借贷行为的影响。研究发现：（1）金融素养是影响家庭借贷行为的重要因素。户主金融素养水平的改善显著提高了家庭发生借贷的概率与家庭借贷规模。（2）金融素养对城乡家庭借贷行为的影响存在明显差异,金融素养的提高对信贷约束较为严重的农村家庭借贷行为的促进作用更大。（3）财富不平等对家庭借贷行为存在明显的抑制作用,财富不平等的扩大减少了家庭借贷需求,降低了家庭发生借贷的概率和家庭负债规模。（4）随着家庭财富不平等程度的扩大,金融素养对家庭借贷行为的促进作用受到抑制。基于以上结论,政府应该大力开展消费者金融素养教育,注重家庭收入分配合理性,从而推动我国消费金融市场的健康发展。     

Rural development in the digital age: Does information and communication technology adoption contribute to credit access and income growth in rural China?

Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in rural livelihoods and household well-being. Therefore, this study examines the impact of ICT adoption on farmers' decisions to access credit and the joint effects of ICT adoption and access to credit on household income using 2016 China Labour-force Dynamics Survey data. Both recursive bivariate probit model and a selectivity-corrected ordinary least square regression model are employed for the analysis. The results show that ICT adoption increases the probability of access to credit by 12.8% in rural China and empowers rural women and farm households in relatively less-developed regions to access credit. ICT adoption and access to credit affect household income differently. ICT adoption significantly increases household income, while access to credit significantly reduces it, primarily because farmers do not use the acquired credit to invest in income-generating farm and off-farm business activities. ICT adoption has the largest positive impact on household income at the highest 90th quantile. Our findings suggest that improving rural ICT infrastructure to enhance farmers' ICT adoption and developing ICT-based financial products to enable households to access sufficient funds can improve rural household welfare.     

农户民间借贷需求影响因素的实证研究——以湘北234户农户的调查为例

通过对我国农业大省--湖南省华容县和安乡县农户的问卷调查,运用Tobit模型对农户借贷需求的影响因素进行实证研究.研究结果表明:农户的收入水平和农业生产支出对农户民间借贷需求具有显著的负向影响,而农户的非农业生产支出和文化教育支出对农户民间借贷需求则具有显著的正向影响.     

Children's schooling in Nicaragua: What is the link between educational achievement,borrowing, and gender?

The impact of credit has been widely studied, and yet little is known about the effect of formal versus informal loans. In this paper, we contrast the two and their impact on children's schooling using longitudinal data from Nicaragua. To address endogeneity, we utilize both household fixed effects and locality–year fixed effects. Our results indicate that, on average, children from borrowing households fare worse than children from nonborrowing households, with male borrowers having a disproportionately negative effect on boys, and vice versa for girls and female borrowers. Informal credit is found to have a protective effect on school attendance, but the effects of formal and informal credit on cumulative schooling are found to be statistically equivalent. However, this appears to mask considerable heterogeneity within informal borrowing.     

Factors affecting agricultural land transfer-in in China: a semiparametric analysis

We use interview survey data collected randomly from 2677 farm households in nine provinces of China to understand the role of demographic, economic, land, and village characteristics on agricultural land transfer-in by farmers. Results show that variables such as borrowing from informal sources, household labour availability, percentage of total income from agricultural sources, and the household with village cadre have significant positive effects on land transfer-in. Low economic development and low transportation network availability in a county reduces land transfer-in. We also find that two variables (land holding and land idling) should be entered into the model nonparametrically. Land holding and land idling have U- and L-shaped impacts on land transfer-in, respectively. Land transfer-in has endowment equilibrium and provides Chinese households more opportunities to earn agricultural income, thereby reducing rural poverty.     

宗族网络、村干部经商经历与农地经营权流转*

本文综合讨论了村干部和宗族组织对农地经营权流转的影响和作用机制，并且运用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据对理论分析假设进行了验证。研究结果表明：在农地产权配置和流转交易市场现实约束条件下，村干部和宗族组织作为村庄权威，均对农地流转具有显著影响。其中，以经商能人为代表的村干部对农户家庭农地有偿流转行为有显著的正向影响。宗族组织为维持组织网络结构稳定，对农地无偿流转有显著的正向影响，但是对有偿流转有显著的负向影响。此外，村干部和宗族组织显著抑制了农地撂荒现象的发生。本文的发现对理解村干部和宗族组织在农地流转市场化进程中的行为特点具有一定的意义。     

Household sectoral choice and effective demand for rural credit in India

An analysis of the ICRISAT data from three Indian villages raises concern about the extent of rationing mechanism inhibiting the spread of formal credit in rural India where a significant proportion of households do not have any outstanding loan or borrow from the informal sector only. A limited-dependent econometric analysis of the factors jointly determining household sectoral choice and effective demand for informal loan conditional on whether a formal loan is available suggests that compared to formal loan easy and adequate access and prompt recovery are significant determinants of the popularity and viability of informal rural credit among sample households; also some households substitute labour income to ease the extent of credit. Thus, rationing of the formal credit is not the only factor inhibiting the spread of formal credit in the study villages.     

Social networks near and far: The role of bonding and bridging social capital for assets of the rural poor

With formal insurance and credit markets either absent or inaccessible to rural agents in most poor rural economies, social networks play a highly important role in mitigating the risks that agricultural households face. These kinds of informal insurance schemes are presumed to be most effective in the face of idiosyncratic risk. However, social mechanisms also exist in developing countries that may reduce locally correlated risk such as the adverse economic effects of climatic conditions that affect multiple residents in a village. This paper analyzes the role of localized (bonding) and of spatially dispersed (bridging) social capital in mitigating the impact of idiosyncratic and of locally correlated shocks on farm households’ livestock endowments. Using dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) system estimation with seven‐period panel dataset of over 400 households, we find that bonding social capital is able to protect households’ livestock assets against idiosyncratic shocks, but bridging social capital does not play a role in mitigating the impact of correlated shocks. The results hold up to multiple robustness checks. A test of different hypotheses about the nature of these assets’ trajectories rejects the asset poverty trap hypothesis, and instead finds that livestock asset dynamics are characterized by a single stable equilibrium.