发达经济体货币政策对我国系统性金融风险的外部冲击效应研究

研究发达经济体——美国、欧盟和日本货币政策对我国系统性金融风险的外部冲击效应,运用具有随机波动的SV-TVP-VAR模型构建以我国系统性金融风险指标、利率和汇率(美元、欧元和日元)为变量的脉冲响应函数,分析其时变特征和响应机制。实证结果表明,美国、欧盟和日本的货币政策会对我国金融市场稳定造成不同程度的冲击,与我国形成的利差及对人民币升值的预期都会导致大量跨境资本流入我国,增加系统性金融风险发生的可能。因此,必须防范其他国家货币政策冲击所带来的风险,加强对跨境资本流动的监管,并健全金融监管体系,以维护金融稳定。     

汇率制度、金融加速器和经济波动

本文建立一个小型开放经济模型,目的之一是探究中国开放经济中金融加速器的存在性;二是针对中国1997—2008年间宏观经济波动特征分析不同汇率制度下金融加速器效应的差异,以验证相对浮动汇率来说,固定汇率是否会加大经济波动。通过使用中国数据和ML方法估计含和不含金融加速器的DSGE模型发现,似然率检验接受前者而拒绝后者。模拟结果显示含金融加速器模型模拟数据与实际数据特征更接近,再次验证了开放经济中金融加速器的存在。固定汇率下金融加速器效应强于浮动汇率,部分解释了1997—2008年间中国经济在不同汇率制度下宏观变量波动的差异。金融加速器主要传播和放大投资效率和货币政策冲击对经济的影响,对货币需求和国外冲击也有一定的放大作用,但对技术和偏好冲击的放大作用不明显。     

中国经济周期特征与财政政策效应——一个基于三部门RBC模型的实证分析

本文采用随机动态一般均衡方法,将政府支出作为外生随机冲击变量,构建中国三部门实际经济周期(RBC)模型,并对改革后的中国经济进行了实证检验,从而考察中国宏观经济波动的周期特征及财政政策的效应问题。研究发现,在包含政府部门的RBC模型中,技术冲击和政府支出冲击可以解释70%以上的中国经济波动特征,中国经济波动是技术因素、供给因素和需求因素综合影响的共同产物。此外,本文证实改革后政府支出对居民消费产生了一定的挤出效应。     

中国的实际经济周期与税收政策效应

本文构建了财政税收的实际经济周期(RBC)模型,实证研究了中国宏观经济波动的周期特征及税收政策的经济效应。研究发现:(1)引入财政收支冲击的RBC模型能够解释70%以上中国经济波动的特征事实,政府支出冲击加剧中国实体经济波动,而税收冲击对经济波动的影响不显著。(2)降低劳动收入和资本收入的税率都能促进经济增长和带动资本和劳动的供给增加,降低劳动收入税率有利于促进居民消费增长,降低资本收入税率则起到抑制作用,调整劳动收入税率的政策效果更强。(3)资本收入税率与社会福利呈正相关和非对称性,劳动收入税率与社会福利呈负相关和非对称性,技术冲击和财政冲击的共同作用使得结构性税收调整政策的福利效应具有非对称性,两种税率的同向变动对社会福利具有放大作用,两者的反向变动对社会福利具有削弱作用。     

论经济全球化下的中国经济波动与世界经济周期

经济全球化是世界经济发展的客观过程和必然趋势。而经济的周期性波动，即经济的扩张、收缩，再扩张、再收缩反复循环的过程，是各国经济发展过程中的不可避免的现象。各国经济波动的特性，如波幅、频率和相位等由其固有的经济特性和所受的外部冲击决定。在封闭经济环境下，各国间的经济波动相互不受影响。但在开放经济的条件下，一国以及世界性的经济冲击会借助各种国际经济交往传导到别的国家，使得在各国的经济波动生成中，除了其国内因素外，国际经济冲击因素也起了重要作用。     

外部因素冲击影响印度经济的传导机制及效果

由贸易和金融渠道传导的外部冲击会对国内产出稳定产生负面影响,且影响程度取决于国内经济增长依赖外部需求的程度,对外依存部门的周期性程度,以及金融发展对外部储蓄的依赖程度。同时,金融部门的开放程度、资产负债组合、由资本流动的骤然变化引起的波动,对货币当局维护金融稳定的目标也带来了挑战。本文以印度为例,解释了在当前状况下货币政策对国际经济变化反应越发敏感的原因,以及外部因素对货币管理带来的主要挑战。     

G4经济体流动性对我国经济波动的影响

本文通过构建基于G4(美国、欧元区、日本和英国)经济体的货币供给(又称之为发达国家流动性)指标,运用FAVAR模型研究发达国家流动性对我国宏观经济波动产生的影响.研究结果表明,当经济受到风险因素冲击时,发达国家中央银行为了缓解冲击带来的不利影响,增加流动性,此举会对我国金融与实体经济产生影响.短期收紧的利率和汇率政策,在一定程度上减弱了发达国家流动性增加对我国金融经济波动的不利影响,但对我国实体经济产生负面影响.长期中,发达国家流动性的冲击几乎不会对我国宏观经济波动产生显著影响.     

人民币汇率、国际资本流动与货币政策有效性研究*——基于修正BGT模型的实证分析

本文采用修正的BGT模型,实证研究了国际资本流动影响因素以及央行在面对国内外资本市场波动、金融体系变迁等情形下,货币政策实施方式及其效果。结果显示,随着意愿结售汇制度的实行和人民币汇率弹性的增强,央行的货币自主性得以加强;在开放环境下,国际资本流动受国内外利差、资本市场溢价、货币政策及汇率制度和外汇管理制度的影响。面对这些国内外冲击,央行进行了央票冲销或调整准备金率等的反向货币政策操作,以实现货币政策目标。     

资本流动、货币政策与通货膨胀动态

本文建立了一个汇率对资本流动具有有限弹性的新开放宏观经济学模型.考虑到资本流动对供给面的影响,浮动汇率制度不再能完全隔离国外冲击,但是资本开放确实有助于降低国内冲击带来的经济波动.这为全球大温和提供了另一种解释.另外,本文的分析发现,一定程度的汇率干预在稳定国内冲击产生的经济波动方面比浮动汇率更优.     

资本流动、货币政策与通货膨胀动态

本文建立了一个汇率对资本流动具有有限弹性的新开放宏观经济学模型。考虑到资本流动对供给面的影响,浮动汇率制度不再能完全隔离国外冲击,但是资本开放确实有助于降低国内冲击带来的经济波动。这为全球“大温和”提供了另一种解释。另外,本文的分析发现,一定程度的汇率干预在稳定国内冲击产生的经济波动方面比浮动汇率更优。     

1980-2006年东亚经济波动的原因——基于面板VAR的分析

东亚经济波动及其协同性的存在已得到学术界的认同,文章通过构建面板向量自回归模型,检验了6种冲击对东亚经济波动的影响,并考察了宏观经济各变量在面时冲击时的动态反应,以及汇率和通货膨胀对经济波动的传导作用.研究表明,国内的供给冲击、汇率冲击,国外的利率冲击、需求冲击都会对东亚经济波动产生较大影响,汇率是外部冲击的重要传导渠道,而通胀是内部冲击的重要传导渠道.随着东亚经济一体化进程的推进和金融市场不断开放,东亚各经济体对外部需求变动和世界利率变动所产生的冲击应予以重视.     

Binding constraint on economic growth under export-oriented industrialization and globalization

The two-gap model of economic growth implies that different constraints on economic growth, namely the savings and the foreign exchange availability, are binding at different times. This article estimates these varying binding constraints in 16 countries in East and Southeast Asia and Latin America, and explores their differences across countries, regions and periods. I show that the East and Southeast Asian countries, which are recognized to be successful in export-oriented industrialization, are less constrained by the foreign exchange availability with reinforced export capacity than the Latin American countries, which had carried some inertia of import substituting industrialization policy until the 1980s. In addition, the economic growth turns out to be more constrained by the domestic savings in recent years, which can be a reflection of capital account liberalization policies typically implemented in the late 1980s and 1990s, and/or a diminishing return to export-led growth. In either case, this might be a factor underlining the recent reconsideration of export-oriented development strategy to balance past excessive dependence on the external demand in several countries in East and Southeast Asia.     

BLACK MARKET EXCHANGE RATES AND CAPITAL MOBILITY IN ASIAN ECONOMIES

This paper examines whether foreign exchange black markets have eroded the effectiveness of capital controls and contributed to an increase in the effective degree of capital mobility in a sample of Asian countries. Comparing the uncovered interest parity forecast errors between the official and black market exchange rates suggests that in those countries with more stringent capital controls, foreign exchange black markets have reached a maturity level to threaten the effectiveness of those controls.     

Analysis of shock transmissions to a small open emerging economy using a SVARMA model

Using a parsimonious structural vector autoregressive moving average (SVARMA) model, we analyse the transmission of foreign and domestic shocks to a small open emerging economy under different policy regimes. Narrower confidence bands around the SVARMA responses compared to the SVAR responses, advocate the suitability of this framework for analysing the propagation of economic shocks over time. Malaysia is an interesting small open economy that has experienced an ongoing process of economic transition and development. The Malaysian government imposed exchange rate and capital control measures following the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Historical decomposition and variance decomposition allow contrast of shocks propagating under different policy regimes. Malaysia is highly exposed to foreign shocks, particularly under the managed float exchange rate system. During the pegged exchange rate period, Malaysian monetary policymakers experienced some breathing space to focus on maintaining price and output stability. In the post-pegged period, Malaysia's exposure to foreign shocks increased and in recent times are largely driven by world commodity price and global activity shocks.     

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN CAPITAL ON MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN CENTRAL ASIA

This paper investigates the short‐run impact of shocks in international capital flows channeled through foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign aid on national output and export performance in five Central Asian economies under a dynamic multivariate structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) framework. The identification of structural shocks is implemented by AB model based on IS‐LM‐BP postulates. The main message is that external capital shocks are persistent and small open economies are weak to absorb them. Overall, the aid shocks reduce national outputs, while FDI increase it, on average. The expansion of global demand (G20) leads to an increase in domestic GDPs, notably in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The impact is augmented by a positive effect of FDI on export channel (and net exports) that shift the IS curve upwards. We cannot find any significant aid‐FDI nexus in the region, except in Kazakhstan. The structural variance decomposition (SFEVD) results suggest that external flows and foreign demand together explain the bigger part of variability in domestic GDP and exports. Finally, variations in foreign capital, aid and FDI, are mainly explained by series themselves. The role of domestic activities is found to be weaker for aid and greater for FDI. The results could be attributed to rigid exchange rates, high trade dependence, and necessity for foreign capital to explore natural resources in Central Asian region. Our results provide some valuable suggestions to improve an investment climate for boosting economic growth.     

东亚消费风险分担的度量及潜在福利分析

文章利用1970-2004年的相关数据,度量了东亚13个经济体的消费风险分担的程度以及东亚地区在实现完全风险分担后带来的潜在福利收益.实证结果表明:东亚区域资本市场在平滑GDP冲击方面的作用非常小,对区域借贷市场虽有一定的作用,但较为有限,这说明东亚的消费风险分担程度还相当低;相比OECD国家和欧盟国家,东亚各经济体风险分担的福利收益是比较高的.     

资本账户开放与国际金融冲击的传导——基于DSGE模型的分析

本文在动态随机一般均衡的框架下,建立了一个包括贸易部门和非贸易部门的小型开放经济模型,系统研究和比较资本管制与资本账户开放两种情况下,国外金融冲击、出口需求冲击对中国经济的不同影响和传导机制,并检验资本账户开放情形下应对国际冲击时不同货币政策规则的有效性。结果发现：当资本账户开放时,一国受到国外冲击的波动幅度远大于资本管制的情况;资本管制和资本账户开放对国际金融冲击传导机制的关键差异在于贸易部门与非贸易部门的互动关系,具体表现为劳动力转移的差异;在资本账户开放后,面对不同形式的国际冲击,货币数量型规则和混合型规则均能有效熨平经济波动。     

Assessing the Impacts of Capital Inflows on Domestic Economy across the Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

Using GMM models, this paper analyzes the impacts of capital inflows on domestic investment in 44 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries from 2003–2012. It is found that foreign direct investment across the SSA remains to be the largest percentage share, accounting for 35% of the total capital inflows. FDI inflows have significant positive impacts on domestic investment across the SSA in both short term and long term. Other key macroeconomic factors such as age dependency ratio, domestic economic growth, terms of trade, real effective exchange rate and trade openness also play vital roles in determining domestic investment.     

Real exchange rates,asset prices and terms of trade: A theoretical analysis

This paper develops a continuous-time two-country dynamic equilibrium model, in which the real exchange rates, asset prices, and terms of trade are jointly determined in the presence of nontradable goods. The model determines the relation between the financial markets and real goods markets in the world economy and their responses to various shocks under the home bias assumption. A positive domestic supply shock induces a positive return on the domestic asset markets and a deterioration of terms of trade that improves the foreign output and boosts the foreign asset markets. Demand shocks act in the opposite way. This model also analyses the impact of change in the relative price of nontradable to tradable goods on the terms of trade and asset markets. A higher productivity growth in tradable goods than in nontradable goods leads to a higher relative price of nontradable to tradable goods, which appreciates the real exchange rate, deteriorates the terms of trade, and depresses the domestic and foreign asset markets. A lower relative price of nontradable goods depreciates the real exchange rate, improves the terms of trade, and lifts both the domestic and foreign asset markets.     

Is East Asia an optimum currency area?

This paper assesses the empirical desirability of the East Asian economies to an alternative exchange rate arrangement (a monetary union) that can potentially enhance the exchange rate stability and credibility in the region. Specifically, the symmetry in macroeconomic disturbances of the East Asian economies is examined as satisfying one of the preconditions for forming an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). We extend the existing literature by improving the methodology of assessing the symmetry shocks in evaluating the suitability of a common currency area in the East Asian economies employing the Bayesian State-Space Based approach. We consider a model of an economy in which the output is influenced by global, regional and country-specific shocks. The importance of a common regional shock would provide a case for a regional common currency. This model allows us to examine regional and country-specific cycles simultaneously with the world business cycle. The importance of the shocks decomposition is that studying a subset of countries can lead one to believe that observed co-movement is particular to that subset of countries when it in fact is common to a much larger group of countries. In addition, the understanding of the sources of international economic fluctuations is important for making policy decisions. The falling share of country specific factor and the rising role of region factor indicate that East Asia has become increasingly favorable for a monetary union. However, the share of country-specific factor that is still significant implies that it could be costly to renounce individual currencies to advance into a monetary union in East Asia.