破解贫困农民保费支付之困:收入约束与保险需求

文章引入保费支付方式,对小额保险需求的决定因素展开理论分析,证明了收入约束下支付方式选择将影响农村居民保险需求规模。在对全国21个省份小额保险需求的面板数据进行分析的基础上,文章验证了可支配收入、疾病风险和意外风险、居民受教育程度及社会基本保障制度(新农合)对小额保险需求具有显著作用,并通过对团销模式/零售模式的实证分析,证明了在多种保费支付方式的团销模式下农村居民可以打破可支配收入的限制、根据自身面临的疾病风险和意外伤害风险决定保险需求。     

半参数回归对山东省保险需求的实证研究

运用山东省鲁东地区、鲁西地区、鲁北地区以及鲁南地区的各县市区2009—2010年经济指标数据,对山东省保险需求收入弹性进行了实证分析,结果表明,山东省保险产品是奢侈品。因此,只有加快经济发展,缩短城乡收入差距,减少赔付率,才能增加保费收入,拉动保险需求对收入的弹性增长。     

分红型寿险产品市场需求的经济学分析

近年来,我国保险公司陆续推出了一系列具有分红性质的寿险产品,覆盖了养老、少儿、人身意外、健康保障等各方面需求。2004年分红保险的保费收入为1760.49亿元,占人身保险保费收入的55.03%,虽然2004年以来分红保险的市场份额有所下降,但仍占据人身保险收入的半壁江山,对我国保险     

浅析我国商业健康保险发展的矛盾性

我国商业健康保险自1982年恢复业务以来,始终呈增长的趋势:保费增长迅速,产品种类日渐丰富,经营主体有效竞争,尤其是随着医疗卫生体制改革的逐步推进,以及人民健康需求的增加,商业健康保险已经成为我国医疗保障体系中重要的有机组成部分.然而商业健康保险高速发展的同时,其内部矛盾也在逐渐显现.     

新华保险：诚信服务很贴心

新华保险推出＂以客户为中心＂的经营战略旨在真正把公司的发展推上健康的、更加坚实的可持续发展轨道。从保险公司陆续公布的1月总保费收入看,上市寿险公司保费合计增长12.7%,其中新华保险拔得头筹同比增长19.6%。自公布＂以客户为中心＂的经营战略后,新华保险旨在通过重新理解、重新认识、重新构建跟客户的关系,试图实现从＂产品驱动＂和＂渠道驱动＂到＂客户需求驱动＂的全方面转型。     

经济增长对保险需求的引致效应--基于面板数据的分析

经济增长是影响保险需求的主要因素。根据预期效用理论,首先假设低收入和高收入群体边际保险消费倾向相对较低,中等收入群体边际保险消费倾向相对较高,即经济增长与边际保险消费倾向存在“倒U型”关系,且经济增长对寿险的引致效应要高于非寿险。然后采用面板数据模型,对1991~2003年全球78个国家和地区寿险和非寿险的边际消费倾向进行统计分析,研究发现两个假设基本成立。在此基础上,就当前我国保险业保费增长率减缓以及保费负增长的现象作了应用分析,并对此提出了具体政策建议。     

我国保险业的现状、问题及未来的发展

一、我国保险业的现状分析 1.我国保险业规模分析 1980年,我国保险业的保费收入为6.4亿元人民币,到2001年,我国各保险公司共实现保费收入2109.4亿元人民币,年平均增长31.9％,远远高于同期GDP的增长速度;1980年,保费收入占GDP的比重(保险深度)为1％,2001年保险深度为2.2％,增加了2.2倍;1980年人均保费(保险密度)为0.47元人民币,到2001年底人均保费达到了169元人民币,21年增长了360倍。从表1我们可以清楚地看到我国保险产业的规模变化情况。     

推进保险市场和资本市场互动发展

金融资源配置的功能未得到充分发挥。2002年我国居民储蓄存款余额达8.7万亿元，居民储蓄率高达39％。同期，我国个人保险业务实现保费收入2500亿元，约占当年新增居民储蓄存款的18％。也就是说，保险对储蓄形成了一定分流，但保险对金融资源配置的功能仍未得到充分发挥。在保险保障制度发达的国家，居民储蓄率普遍低于10％。另外，我国人民银行所做的一项居民储蓄动机问卷调查显示，     

我国农业保险的道德风险及防范

农业保险在得到财政保费补贴开始发展迅猛。随着农业保险的发展从简单粗放的规模增长到产品创新的过度,道德风险对影响农业保险健康发展的影响日趋显露。通过对农业保险中道德风险的表现和成因的研究,得出一定防范方法,有助于农业保险未来的健康和可持续发展。     

中国居民医疗保险购买行为研究-基于商业健康保险的角度

本文通过健康保险市场供需双方行为分析,构建居民医疗保险购买行为模型,利用中国健康与营养调查数据(2000—2006),运用部分观测的二元Probit估计方法(Bivariate Probit with partial observability),从实证的角度分析商业健康保险市场中供需双方各自的风险选择行为,以及城乡地区居民对商业健康保险的潜在需求行为及其宏微观影响因素。本文发现:(1)城乡居民都存在显著的逆向选择行为;(2)城乡社会医疗保障对居民商业健康保险需求行为有显著的促进作用;(3)影响居民商业健康保险行为的其他因素还包括,个人的风险偏好和经济购买力。     

Price and quantity in international comparisons of health care expenditure

An important omission from earlier cross-national comparisons of health care expenditure has been the failure to distinguish between price and quantity. Using recent data on purchasing power parities, the purpose of this article is to report some preliminary results regarding health care expenditure and quantity across 22 OECD countries. The article concludes that, contrary to what has been suggested in some recent articles, the relative price of health care is not correlated to the aggregate per capita income. The fraction of the national income that is devoted to health care provision increases with the per capita income regardless of whether health care is measured in terms of expenditure or quantity. The relative price of health care has a rationing effect on the quantity of health care that is offered, with a price alasticity close to minus one. The latter finding means that the health care expenditure is not greater in countries with higherprices. Furthermore, the differences in health care expenditure or quantity between countries persist after correction for the relative price and the income level. Part of these differences can be explained by differences in the definition of health care in the various countries.     

Does health insurance matter? Evidence from China’s urban resident basic medical insurance

In 2007, China launched a subsidized voluntary public health insurance program, the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI), for urban residents without formal employment. We estimate the impact of the URBMI on health care utilization and expenditure by a fixed effects approach with instrumental variable correction, using the 2006 and 2009 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We explore the time variation of program implementation at the city level as the instrument for individual enrollment. We find that this program has significantly increased the utilization of formal medical services, including both outpatient care and inpatient care, but it has not reduced total out-of-pocket health expense. We also find that this program has improved medical care utilization more for children, members of the low-income families, and the residents in the relatively poor western region.     

Is health care a necessity or a luxury? Evidence from urban China

This article uses a smooth transition regression (STR) model to research the income elasticity of the health care expenditure of China’s urban residents in the 1990–2013 period. The results demonstrate that if the real income of China’s urban residents that lags a period is taken as a transition variable, urban residents’ health expenditure follows an LSTR1 nonlinear two-regime model. Here, the income elasticity of health care expenditure of China’s urban residents is 1.4919 in 1990–2002 and 1.2216 in 2003–2013. Overall, the income elasticity of health care of China’s urban residents is greater than 1, indicating that health care is a luxury.     

INSURANCE‐INDUCED MORAL HAZARD: A DYNAMIC MODEL OF WITHIN‐YEAR MEDICAL CARE DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY

This study quantifies the moral hazard effect of health insurance on medical expenditure by estimating a dynamic model of within‐year medical care consumption that allows for insurance selection, endogenous health transitions, and individual uncertainty about medical care prices in an environment where insurance has nonlinear cost‐sharing features. The results suggest that moral hazard accounts for 53.1%, on average, of total annual medical expenditure when insured. This estimate is significantly different, and generally larger, than that produced by an alternative model that is representative of the annual medical care decision‐making models commonly found in the literature.     

Do Consumers Purchase Too Much Health Insurance? The Role of Market Power in Health‐Care Markets

Several authors have suggested that consumers purchase too much health insurance in private markets. We readdress this issue within a model that combines excess health‐care demand due to health insurance with market power due to monopolistic production of health‐care services. We evaluate the market equilibrium in terms of consumer welfare and social welfare. The consumer welfare criterion suggests that in the market equilibrium consumers in fact purchase too much health insurance coverage. The social welfare criterion, in contrast, suggests that because profits of the health‐care industry are properly accounted for, consumers should purchase more insurance coverage than they choose to do in the market equilibrium.     

The determinants of access to health care and medicines in India

This article explores the issue of demand for health care and medicines in India where household share of total health expenditure is one of the highest among high- and low-income countries. Previous work found that important determinants include health status, socio-demographics, income and demand for care was inelastic. Compared with previous studies, this article uses large household data sets including data on medicine expenditure to explore health-seeking behaviour. Count models find that determinants include health status, socio-demographic information, health insurance, household expenditure and government regulation. Elasticities range from ?0.13 to 0.03 and are generally consistent with literature findings. For inpatient care, conditional on having at least one hospitalization, the expected number of hospitalizations increases with being male and household expenditure. Medicine expenditure accounts for a large share of household health expenditure. Low-income individuals could experience problems and raises important policy implications on the demand and supply side to improve access to health care and medicines for patients in India.     

我国城镇卫生筹资公平性研究——基于医疗保健支出累进度的测算

文章利用1995-2006年城镇家庭收支调查数据,测算了我国医疗保健个人现金支出的累进度指数,包括Kakwani指数和Suits指数,并采用可支配收入、消费性支出和非食品消费支出衡量支付能力,分别计算相应的累进度指数.研究结果表明:城镇职工基本医疗保险推行以来,我国个人现金卫生累退程度不断增加,这主要归咎于医疗保险覆盖不广泛以及分布不公平.这一结论对进一步改革我国社会医疗保险制度有着重要的政策含义.     

US state health expenditure convergence: A revisited analysis

This paper studies the evolution of US state health expenditure for a sample that covers 1966–2014. Our results provide evidence against the existence of a single pattern of behavior of personal health care expenditure across the US states. Rather, we can observe the existence of two statistically different convergence clubs. We cannot find evidence of convergence when we disaggregate health expenditure into its three main payers: Medicare, Medicaid and private health insurance expenditure, whilst we again find evidence of convergence clubs. However, the estimated clubs for Medicaid and private health insurance expenditure are statistically different that estimated for total health expenditure. Consequently, our results offer strong evidence of heterogeneity in the evolution of US health expenditure. The analysis of the forces that drive club creation shows that economic situation and some supply-side factors are important. We can also appreciate that some healthcare outcome variables are only related to private insurance health expenditure. The other health expenditures, thus, show a certain lack of efficiency which may be due to practices that have little benefit for patient health.     

Ex Post Welfare under Alternative Health Care Systems

The implications of a societal aversion to inequality for the optimal structure of the health care system are studied. The agents are assumed to be ex ante identical, but to differ ex post in the state of their health. Inequality aversion is introduced by postulating a strictly concave ex post social welfare function. It is shown that the optimal public health care system allocates health care differently than would private health insurance; specifically, people who are relatively unhealthy with and without treatment receive more health care, and people who are relatively healthy with and without treatment receive less health care. The aggregate quantity of health care under the optimal public health care system can be either greater or smaller than under private health care insurance. If the public health care system is optimally designed, allowing agents to purchase supplementary private health care insurance cannot raise social welfare and is likely to decrease it.     

社会医疗保障改革的福利效应:以中国城镇为例

This paper evaluates Chinese public health insurance reform enforced since 1998 in terms of its welfare effects. We evaluate China health insurance reform since 1998 using the China Health and Nutrition Surveys (CHNS) data with relevant econometric models. The results of empirical studies show that the public health insurance status has significant impact on medical service utilization and expenditure. The reform reduces the positive effect of public health insurance on medical service utilization, meaning the utilization gap is narrowed after the reform. However, the empirical studies find that the medical expenditure growth of the sample individuals in urban China has not been controlled after the Basic Medical Insurance (BMI) program even if a new co-payment is enforced. Two main reasons for this failure might be the rising cost of medical service and physician’s severe moral hazard, while both of them come from no managed care mechanism for medical service providers in China.