NGO在中国——中国NGO对政府的策略：一个初步考察

近年来，中国的NGO得到了迅速的发展，正在形成一个独立于国家的社会自治领域。作者关注的是，在一个国家占主导地位的社会中，NGO如何利用种种的手段来尝试改变它们与国家的关系，使之朝着有利于自己发展的方向变化，进而有效地实现组织目标以及影响政府。本文从NGO自身的合法化、利用国家控制的资源以及影响政府决策三个不同的侧面分析它们对待政府的策略。结果发现，中国的NGO与国家之间已经形成了一个广泛的互动区域。     

中国NGO对政府的策略:一个初步考察

近年来,中国的NGO得到了迅速的发展,正在形成一个独立于国家的社会自治领域。作者关注的是,在一个国家占主导地位的社会中,NGO如何利用种种的手段来尝试改变它们与国家的关系,使之朝着有利于自己发展的方向变化,进而有效地实现组织目标以及影响政府。本文从NGO自身的合法化、利用国家控制的资源以及影响政府决策三个不同的侧面分析它们对待政府的策略。结果发现,中国的NGO与国家之间已经形成了一个广泛的互动区域。     

动员结构与自然保育运动的发展——以怒江反坝运动为例

在中国环保NGO的发展动力研究中,“政府主导”或“自下而上”研究取向的学者都过于注重组织与环境（国家、社会）之间的关系,而低估了组织参与者、技术、组织结构等组织内部核心要素的作用。本研究以怒江反坝运动为例,对自然保育运动的动力机制进行探讨。笔者认为,推动中国自然保育运动的动力在于环保NGO之间、环保NGO与媒体和公众之间的独特关系结构及其动员。NGO之间的松散联合越来越普遍,由此产生积聚效应,使得原本弱小的单个组织通过独特的联合机制而发出能够影响社会的声音。而NGO-媒体联盟与基于电子邮件组、内部通讯、NGO网站的公众动员网络使得环保NGO与媒体、公众结成了紧密的互动结构。同时,这样一种互动模式的成功得益于对组织成员的成功动员和资源的再生产。     

基层社会管理创新研究——以甘肃省为例

社会管理是指政府、公检法机构与社会组织通过经济、政治、法律、道德等手段对社会关系进行协调处理的过程与行动。社会管理的内容包括对公民社会行为的引导与管理,包括对公民之间、公民与国家之间社会关系的协调,以及解决社会问题和防范化解社会风险等。甘肃省基层社会管理面临着社会管理主体单一、基层政府重视程度不够、基层管理主体不作为乱作为现象突出、社会管理手段创新不足与社会管理体制僵化等问题。推进甘肃省基层社会管理创新,就要积极培育和规范基层社会组织,完善社会管理的多元主体,加大社会管理宣传教育与考核,提高基层政府对社会管理的认识,通过依法行政规范政府行为,大力推进基层社会管理手段与机制创新。     

NGO的双面效应与治理模式研究

本文通过分析NGO的双面效应,结合两种典型的理想治理模式来探讨政府如何趋利避害,采取最大化NGO的社会价值。在充分了解国情和体制环境前提下,政府应该尊重NGO发展的自身规律,综合运用服务和管制的策略,包括对NGO严格准入与合理监控以规避风险,对NGO提供全面保障以促进发展,以及对NGO采取综合管理策略以趋利避害等。     

政党如何引领社会?——后单位时代的基层党组织与社会之间关系分析

与已有成果多运用"政党组织社会"的理论框架来分析中国共产党的基层组织与社会之间关系不同,本文将新时代中国共产党的基层组织与社会之间关系纳入"政党引领社会"的分析框架之中。特定的社会结构为党组织引领基层社会的路径和方式提供了社会基础,而党也通过其组织架构、制度安排、意识形态和行为策略对社会予以重组与再造。在基层党组织与社会相互交融、渗透的过程中,党的引领功能得以实现。基层党组织引领社会的机制表现为政治机制、组织机制、吸纳机制和服务机制,它们分别构造了基层党组织的领导力、组织力、凝聚力和回应力。在新时代的基层党组织建设中,应该找准党建的基本单位,吸纳积极分子参与,使党组织真正融入基层社会治理之中。     

街道公共体制改革和国家意志的柔性控制——对黄宗智“国家和社会的第三领域”理论的扩展

城市社区建设与发展成为中国城市社会发展和政治民主进程的温床，很多学者试图用国家与社会分野的视角，或者说市民社会概念来理解和诠释中国城市社区建设和发展。本文以一个具体的城市社区改革案例为基础，运用个案研究方法，从中来展示中国城市社区建设和发展，虽然有民主化的进程，但是这种民主进程仍然是中国特色的国家意志对社区公共事务的柔性控制，而不是所谓的市民社会的分殊与发展。只不过，当前社区公共治理中，国家意志的展现更加隐蔽、柔性和更具合法性。由此，本文扩展了黄宗智先生的“国家和社会的第三领域”概念，在当代中国，强财政支持下的政府已经不是通过“简约主义原则”来进行基层治理，而是通过一套更加复杂的柔性控制策略来试试基层治理。     

城市基层政治权力结构的变迁

城市基层政治权力结构是国家实现对基层社会管理的最直接载体,也是检验国家对社会控制强弱的显示器,它的变迁可以折射出国家对基层社会控制的强弱衍变。笔者在对上海城市基层社会的调查过程中深刻地感受到:政府主导的以社区制建设为方向的城市组织体制改革,正悄悄地使城市基层社会的权力分布发生迅速变化。这是政府为适应城市建设的更快发展而采取的适应性调整,虽未触及整体框架的变动,但从基层政治的实际运作过程来看,政府的许多政策创新与组织创新都明显地促进了基层政治权力的分化和重组,使国家与社会之间原有的紧张关系得到缓解,同时实现了政府对基层社会各阶层的有效动员,促进了城市基层政治的进一步成熟和城市基层社会的进一步稳定。     

孙村的路——“国家-社会”关系格局中的民间权威

本文从关注乡村道路的兴建入手，分析“国家——社会”关系格局中的民间权威在不同历史阶段内各异的社会活动空间。本文把“国家”与“基层社会”的关系视为利益权衡关系。利益权衡的动态性决定了“国家”可以随时作出是否及多大程度介入“基层社会”的抉择，同时也决定了基层政权必然具有国家经纪体制的特征。这样，我们方可解释为什么在国家基层政权架构前所未有地膨胀的九十年代的孙村，民间权威反而在基层社会舞台扮演重要角色。     

践行党的群众路线 推进基层党组织与社会组织互动耦合

正在社会治理主体多元化的当下,提高社会治理效能需要政党积极调适与社会之间的关系,以基层党组织建设带动其他各类社会组织发展,通过各类社会组织发展强化基层党组织建设,实现二者之间的互动、联合、融合甚至耦合。二者在社会治理中的相互调适和良性互动,既是党的群众路线科学内涵的丰富和发展,又是党的群众路线生动实践的创新和探索。一、基层党组织与社会组织互     

A theory of social license when regulatory pressure is jointly produced by an EPA and an NGO

We develop a model in which social pressure on a firm to behave well is jointly produced by a state regulator (EPA) and an NGO. The EPA and NGO differ in how they trade-off business versus environmental interests and also have access to different instruments in pursuit of their objectives. In particular, while the EPA will typically have the tools for detecting misbehaviour, the NGO can influence the intensity of social hostility directed towards those found to have misbehaved. EPA and NGO efforts may be strategic complements or substitutes, depending upon circumstances. We present a taxonomy of outcomes in the game between EPA and NGO in the spirit of Fudenberg and Tiroles’s (Am Econ Rev Pap Proc 74(2):361–366, 1984) classic taxonomy of business strategies. We also consider strategic delegation from NGO supporters to an NGO that has tastes over environmental and business interests different to their own.     

企业社会责任背景下企业与环保非政府组织的跨界合作

针对企业社会责任、企业与环保NGO的关系进行了探讨,并分别从NGO与企业合作的原因、角色、合作成果的衡量标准以及合作的态势分析分析入手,阐明跨界合作的重要性,并对合作的顺利展开提出策略建议。     

政府向NGO购买服务对慈善事业发展的影响

NGO的存在,对以中华慈善总会为主体的官方救助体系形成有利的补充。NGO自身的特质也决定其在为弱势群体提供服务时更便捷、更专业。因此,在NGO行业中引入＂竞争＂的经济学概念,改变原先由政府全方位提供社会救助的模式,形成由政府主导、NGO参与、政府择优购买NGO提供服务这样的自由竞争市场,使得政府由原先＂制定者＂、＂实施者＂逐渐转变为＂主导者＂、＂购买者＂的角色,可以极大地调动NGO的积极性,激活市场动力,并且通过自发的市场调节,形成对有限行政资源配置的最佳效果,同时推动中国的慈善组织蓬勃发展,使社会救助事业取得跨越式进步。     

Is NGO aid not so different after all? Comparing the allocation of Swiss aid by private and official donors

Being closer to the poor, NGOs are widely believed to provide better targeted aid than state agencies. But empirical evidence is largely lacking. We contribute to closing this gap by drawing on an exceptionally detailed Swiss database that covers different forms of NGO aid and several official aid benchmarks. The Tobit estimations account for both altruistic and selfish aid motivations. Whether or not NGOs provide better targeted aid depends on the source of NGO funding as well as the choice of the official benchmark. In contrast to widespread belief, however, the allocation of self-financed NGO aid reveals striking similarities to the allocation of official Swiss development aid.     

Help not needed? Optimal host country regulation of expatriate NGO workers

Motivated by interventions in poor countries to increase the use of local labor in foreign nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), we address the behavior of these organizations under host government regulation. We extend existing NGO models by distinguishing between local workers and expatriates. The model covers both NGO monopoly and competition in the market for donations. Assuming that NGOs maximize output, we show that regulations in the form of a quota on the number of expatriates or a work permit fee for foreigners reduces NGO output, but increases employment of locals. The optimal quota is more likely to bind in the market structure generating the highest total fundraising surplus. An optimal work permit fee is equivalent to an optimal quota in both the monopoly and duopoly cases. For both instruments, the optimal tightness of regulation is decreasing in the weight the government attaches to the public good relative to domestic incomes and in the importance of NGO output to the supply of the public good. Aggregate NGO output and the level of the public good produced could be higher with a monopoly NGO.     

Water applications and Pigouvian taxes to control irrigation-induced soil degradation

Salt and water transport external costs of irrigation are borne disproportionately by lower elevation farmers. The relationship between fields for an optimal Pigouvian tax plan varies considerably as the amount of available water changes, demonstrating that a simple rule cannot be relied upon. A numerical example demonstrates the optimal application pattern and Pigouvian tax plan in contrast to the sequential Nash equilibrium. Shadow values for water are used to argue that between distributaries, the second best optimum is unlikely to be equal allocation. Physical measures of soil state are also shown to be worse under the optimal plan, throwing doubt on their usefulness.     

非政府组织——公民政治参与的“领导者”

非政府组织（Non—Government Organizations，缩写为NGO），出现于50年代，兴起于70年代，在过去20年有了飞跃性的发展。如今非政府组织已经渗透到社会生活的方方面面，并且发挥着越来越大的作用。随着世界民主化浪潮波及全球，公民的政治参与成为当代政治生活的重要内容。但是由于种种原因，中国公民的政治参与无论是广度，还是深度都是比较低的，谁能“领导”公民参与政治，非政府组织无疑是最好的领导者!     

THE EFFECT OF CASINO PROXIMITY ON LOTTERY SALES: EVIDENCE FROM MARYLAND

The continued expansion of the casino industry has caused increasing concern regarding the cannibalization of other industries, and in particular, state lotteries. For example, Maryland Lottery sales flattened shortly after casinos began opening in the state. Although previous papers have found that casinos and lotteries have a negative relationship with each other, no previous research has analyzed the impact of casino proximity on lottery sales or has examined the relationship between casinos and different types of lottery games. In this paper, we examine ZIP code‐level monthly lottery sales data from Maryland between July 2009 and February 2014, in order to test the impact of casino proximity on lottery sales, by type of game. Our findings indicate that aggregate lottery sales decline more in closer proximity to casinos, but that casinos affect different lottery products differently. We discuss the consumer behavior and public finance implications of the findings. (JEL H27, H4, L83)     

Is British output growth related to its uncertainty? Evidence using eight centuries of data

We examine the empirical relationship between output variability and output growth for Britain using data for eight centuries covering the 1270 to 2014 period. Drawing on the economic history literature, we split the full sample period into four subperiods and use GARCH models to measure output growth uncertainty and estimate its effect on average growth. Within each sub-sample, we allow output growth to depend on the state of the system, for example 2-regime switching model would switch between high-growth and low-growth regimes. We find that the effect of uncertainty on growth differs depending on the existing growth regime. Low-growth regimes are associated with a negative effect of uncertainty on growth, and medium or high-growth regimes are associated with a positive effect. These findings are consistent across the four states of economic development. Our results indicate why the empirical literature to date has found mixed results when examining the effect of uncertainty on growth.