经济增长与城镇不同阶层收入分配问题研究

本文利用1978～2006年的时间序列数据.对城镇不同阶层收入分配不平等与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:城镇不同收入阶层的收入分配不平等与经济增长之间存在协整关系;库兹涅茨倒U型曲线对于城镇各收入阶层来说都是不存在的;经济增长对低收入阶层的收入分配不平等程度不具备调整能力,但对中、高收入阶层的收入分配不平等程度却有极大的调整作用。在一定的显著性水平下,当滞后一定期数时。经济增长是收入分配不平等的格兰杰原因。总体而言,随着经济的增长,收入分配不平等程度趋于扩大,需要深化分配制度改革。     

经济全球化的不平等性与发展中国家的应对措施

经济全球化是当前世界经济发展的主要潮流，但对不同国家经济全球化的进程是不平等的，本文主要论述了经济全球化不平等的根源以及发展中国家的应对措施。     

股市发展与收入分配不平等分析

股市发展与收入分配的关系研究已经在世界金融理论界及业界引起重视,本文主要对股市发展和自由化改革两者对收入分配不平等程度的影响进行分析。研究得出一国的股市规模扩大,受到门槛效应影响,其收入的分配状况也会趋于恶化,而流动性提升则会改善国人的收入分配不平等的状态;国家股市发展对不同的收入阶层也会产生不同影响;自由化改革后,股市流动性提升会进一步改善国内收入分配不平等的状况,同时在股市自由化后,股市规模扩大及股市流动性提升都会改善国家收入分配不平等的现象。     

全球化对发展中国家收入分配影响研究进展

全球化导致了大多数发展中国家的收入分配不平等。本文从技术进步与工资不平等﹑行业工资与收入不稳定﹑劳动力市场制度变化和家庭生产与侨汇收入等方面,梳理了全球化与发展中国家收入分配不平等关系的研究成果,得出如下结论:尽管确定全球化和收入分配变化之间关系仍有含糊不清的地方,几乎所有的证据都表明发展中国家的经济开放将不利于低收入群体,全球化和收入分配不平等因果关系的研究将是学术界关注的重点。     

对“倒U型假说”的一个批判性分析

"倒U型假说"预示着收入分配平等将经历一个"在变得更好之前要变得更坏"的过程。对该假说的检验显示,收入分配平等与经济增长的关系没有一致的规律,检验数据的类型强烈地影响着检验结论。而"变得更坏"并不意味着一定能"变得更好",收入分配不平等的改善不是经济增长的自然结果;经济的全球化与金融化对发展中经济体通过经济增长改善收入分配不平等的努力形成了新压力。对于一个追求在经济增长中最终实现共同富裕的社会主义国家,奉"倒U型假说"为圭臬,共同富裕的目标只会渐行渐远。     

本地非农就业、外出务工与中国农村收入不平等*

随着巨大的经济和社会变革,中国的收入不平等程度发生了巨大变化。依据CHIP家庭微观调查1988-2007年的数据,使用基尼系数分解以及非参数分解等多种方法,本文试图对本地非农就业、外出务工等不同类型的家庭从业模式与农村收入不平等的关系进行较为全面的探讨。研究得出了一些有价值的结论：首先,从整体的收入分布来看,早期的农村地区的发展更多伴随着不平等程度提高,而后期经济增长则带来更多福利改善;其次,家庭主要非农收入来源是本地非农就业,外出务工所得具有缩小收入差距的作用,而本地非农就业则具有扩大作用,随着时间推移其作用程度也有所改变;最后,经济增长成果惠及不同群体,但并非平均分配,不同群体获益情况不同,增长和不平等通过作用于不同类型家庭影响到最终的收入分布。     

股市自由化能否改变收入不平等的持续性——基于融资约束视角的分析

收入不平等是各国经济增长过程中面临的严重问题,尤其是收入不平等的代际持续性导致"贫者恒贫",这对于一国的经济稳定发展是极大的挑战。本文采用72个国家1980～2011年的国际面板数据,通过系统广义矩估计(GMM)方法研究股市自由化对代际持续的收入不平等的影响,研究发现:股市自由化能够有效缓解融资约束,通过提高教育投资来解决收入差距的代际持续问题,而且这种影响机制在股市发展程度较低的发展中国家较为显著,说明股市自由化能够促进世界范围内的收入分配均等化。     

不平等、经济增长和中等收入陷阱

本文从经济不平等的角度对中等收入陷阱的机制给出了一个理论解释。本文的模型表明,在经济发展的不同阶段,不平等对经济的影响不尽相同。在经济起飞阶段,财富集中促进社会物质资本积累,有利于落后国家逃脱贫困陷阱。但是,过度的不平等剥脱了穷人物质投资的机会,形成阻碍发展中国家的第一类中等收入陷阱。跨越第一类中等收入陷阱之后,过度的不平等限制穷人的人力资本投资,导致先进生产部门无法替代落后生产部门,最终形成第二类中等收入陷阱。当穷人有能力积累人力资本后,经济不平等便不再重要,经济最终将收敛于高收入水平阶段。     

教育对中国居民收入的影响分析——基于分位数回归和收入分布的考察

教育作为人力资本形成的最主要因素,影响着收入分配,但教育对不同收入水平人群的效应并不相同。本文采用分位数回归方法估计教育回报率,以分析教育对收入水平的影响,并通过考察教育扩张引起的收入分布位置和形态的变化来分析教育对收入不平等的影响。研究结果表明,性别、城乡、单位所有制类型以及职业类型对各分位点上的教育回报率影响显著;受教育程度提高使收入分布位置右移、离散程度增加,教育扩张加剧收入不平等;而右偏程度减小又减弱收入不平等程度;总体上说教育对收入不平等的影响作用被削弱了。     

收入分配与经济增长——基于家庭教育—生育决策的政治均衡模型

本文利用政治均衡模型(political-equilibrium),以家庭教育—生育决策为传导机制来探讨初始分配不平等对经济增长的影响。在这种机制下的基本结论为:初始分配越不平等的国家,人均经济增长越低;不平等对低收入人群的影响要大于高收入人群;分配不平等与经济增长呈现负相关,而分配不平等与分配不平等的扩大趋势呈现正相关。本文还针对我国情况建立了一个模型,对我国经济增长和不平等发展的机理进行了简要的分析,并发现社会保障体系的完善在存在生育约束政策的国家中会产生与其他国家不同的效果。     

论经济全球化对世界大国关系的影响——以中国、日本、美国为例

文章以经济全球化为主线,分析经济全球化对大国关系的影响,以中美、日美之间的贸易摩擦为例展开论证。从中可以看出,经济全球化加强了各国之间的联系,贸易往来频繁,但由于各国利益在一定程度上的冲突,经济交往过程中的经济摩擦是不可避免的,中美和日美之间的贸易摩擦就是很好的例证。但加强各国之间的合作,缓解摩擦,获取共同的利益,实现互利双赢,符合各国的利益,我们应使经济全球化给全球人民带来的福利最大化。     

Do liberalization and globalization increase income inequality?

Using the Standardized World Income Inequality Database, we examine if the KOF Index of Globalization and the Economic Freedom Index of the Fraser institute are related to within-country income inequality using panel data covering around 80 countries 1970–2005. Freedom to trade internationally is robustly related to inequality, also when adding several control variables and controlling for potential endogeneity using GMM. Social globalization and deregulation is also linked to inequality. Reforms towards economic freedom seem to increase inequality mainly in rich countries, and social globalization is more important in less developed countries. Monetary reforms, legal reforms and political globalization do not increase inequality.     

Can social spending cushion the inequality effect of globalization?

This paper examines whether social spending cushions the effect of globalization on within‐country inequality. Using information on disposable and market income inequality and data on overall social spending, and health and education spending from the ILO and the World Bank/WHO, we analyze whether social spending moderates the association between economic globalization and inequality. The results confirm that economic globalization—especially economic flows—associates with higher income inequality, an effect driven by non‐OECD countries. Health spending is strongly associated with lower inequality, but we find no robust evidence that any kind of social spending negatively moderates the association between economic globalization and inequality.     

Globalization and Income Gap from the Perspective of Developing Countries

Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap among the developing countries. The paper states that because the economic globalization is the globalization of capitalism manufacture style and developed countries dominates the process, the income gap between developing countries and developed one is difficult to be narrowed, and the income gap in developing countries will enlarge.     

The political economy of income comparisons and economic growth

The literature on income inequality has provided various explanations as to how income inequality can affect growth, with the emphasis on ideas such as investments in human capital, issues of occupational choice, or the redistributive policies of governments. Inequality not only has a direct effect on the distribution of consumption in an economy, but it also has a powerful effect on people's subjective sense of well being. This paper takes a novel approach by focusing on the way in which a government's choice of economic policy can be influenced by how individuals perceive themselves relative to other individuals, both within the country and in foreign countries. The chosen policy affects economic growth, with the assumption being that policies that promote growth also tend to result in more switching of individuals between income groups. We show that the government's optimal policy depends on the importance of both inside country and outside country income comparisons, the fraction of national income earned by the different income groups, the potential magnitude of economic growth, the probability of switching between income groups in the presence of growth, and the relative importance of the various income groups. The model predicts that a greater degree of inside country income comparison is bad for growth whereas more outside country comparison is good for growth.     

The Globalization–Welfare State Nexus Reconsidered

Two hypotheses relate to the globalization–welfare state nexus: the efficiency hypothesis predicts that globalization reduces government sector size and governments' capacity to finance the welfare state. The compensation hypothesis, in contrast, predicts that globalization induces a higher demand for social insurance which results in an extended welfare state. Empirical evidence on the globalization–welfare state nexus is mixed. The evidence is re‐examined by investigating a yearly panel dataset of 186 countries for the 1970–2004 period. This paper uses data compiled by the Penn World Tables on government sector size and employs the Konjunkturforschungsstelle (KOF—Swiss Economic Institute) index of globalization. The results show that globalization increased government sectors around the world. Social globalization especially had a positive influence. Globalization‐induced effects were stronger in Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries. Overall globalization and economic globalization reduced the relative price of government expenditures. These findings suggest that globalization does not jeopardize the welfare state at all.     

The Southeast Asian Economies in the Age of Discontent

This paper investigates the effects on and responses of five middle‐income Southeast Asian economies to the current global environment of authoritarian populism, the retreat from economic liberalism, and the appeal of anti‐globalization movements. While the political histories and institutional capabilities of the five – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam – vary greatly, these economies have a history of at least moderately fast economic growth for extended periods, and of increasing regional and global economic integration. We argue that most of the factors behind the discontent with globalization in the rich economies are not present to the same degree in these countries, and that there has therefore been no major retreat from the economic policy settings that have underpinned their past economic success. However, there are no grounds for complacency. Economic growth is slowing in some of the countries, economic insecurity remains widespread, and the development of durable independent institutions has lagged economic growth.     

经济全球化背景下我国经济安全影响因素分析

经济全球化背景下,发达国家经济技术优势的压力、发展中国家之间竞争的加剧以及国内经济矛盾的加剧等,都会对我国的经济安全产生不同程度的负面影响。只有通过持续、健康的经济发展,显著提高综合国力,才能有效消除这些负面影响,保证国家经济安全。     

关于收入分配若干问题探析

在经济快速发展的同时,我国居民收入分配格局发生重大变化,收入分配不公的问题日益凸显。特别是新世纪以来,收入分配差距急剧拉大,收入分配不公已成为制约我国社会和谐稳定以及经济持续发展的突出问题。面对我国日趋严峻的收入分配不公现象,有许多问题值得深入分析和思考。收入差据拉大不能简单等同于收入分配不公,导致收入差距不断拉大的原因比差距拉大本身更值得关注;我国的收入分配不公以不同的形式表现在初次分配环节和再分配环节,初次分配环节的严重不公制约了再分配的公平。制约税收调节收入差距不力的因素不仅仅限于税收的立法与执法,而是有更深刻的根源。行政垄断、腐败等原因形成的收入差距税收杠杆是无效或低效的,政府收入不规范导致税收的公平分配力度偏弱。     

EFFECT OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VENEZUELA

Taxes as well as government expenditures tend to transform income distribution; the higher they are in relation to GDP, the higher their potential influence appears. It is easier to trace the incidence of taxes than that of expenditures and studies of effects of expenditures on income distribution are not frequent. Changes of fiscal legislation and deficiencies in reporting systems and statistics frequently found in developing countries complicate the task still further.
An investigation of this type in a developing country has to face a poorly developed data base and take advantage of different and dispersed sources of information.
This paper presents the methodology used for estimating the influence of government expenditures a n income distribution in the case of Venezuela. Although the incidence of fiscal activities on income distribution in Venezuela might not necessarily be the same as in other countries, Venezuelan sources of information are not very different from those existing in other countries of similar level of economic and statistical development and procedures used could appropriately be adapted to other countries.