货币政策规则、资本流动与汇率稳定

通过构建一个包含资本流动扰动的开放经济模型,本文考察了在通胀率与实际汇率双重目标下运用利率与对冲干预工具的"双目标双工具"货币政策框架,并与传统通胀目标制的实施效果进行了对比分析。运用我国数据校准参数并进行模拟分析后,结果显示,存在资本流动扰动时,"双目标双工具"政策框架显著优于通胀目标制;存在需求和供给扰动时,如资本流动有一定摩擦,"双目标双工具"政策框架同样优于通胀目标制。通过对近期利率政策和对冲干预反应函数的估计发现,我国货币政策实践与"双目标双工具"最优政策的部分特征相一致:对冲干预对通胀、产出缺口与外汇储备偏离程度、存款利率对外国利率分别均做出了显著反应。     

从通胀目标制到平均通胀目标制：理论、实践与反思

2020年8月和2021年7月美联储和欧洲央行相继转向新的货币政策框架,这是对当前全球流行的通胀目标制实践的拓展和延伸。理论上,最优通胀率应为负或为零,但由于零利率下界等现实因素,各国都设定了大于零的通胀目标(2%标准),采用兼顾其他目标的弹性通胀目标制。尽管通胀目标制获得巨大成功,但越来越兼顾其他目标及更灵活的安排呈现出明显的相机抉择特征。基于理论溯源和早期的实践分析表明,美联储的平均通胀目标制实质上是临时价格水平目标制,欧洲央行的新框架实质上是价格水平目标制。与简单工具规则相比,将通胀目标制作为最优货币政策目标规则的政策效果并不稳健。探索能够更好解释现实的简单稳健货币规则,仍是未来理论研究和政策实践的重要方向,这对健全中国现代货币政策框架具有重要的启示性意义。     

外汇储备对最优货币政策的影响

本文将外汇储备这一变量加入包括汇率与资产价格的宏观经济框架中,以最小化央行的损失函数为目标,得到央行最优货币政策规则,并结合中国经济数据进行实证分析,结果显示央行在制定货币政策时,应优先考虑产出缺口和通胀缺口,其次考虑汇率等相关因素.     

货币政策是否应该考虑汇率目标——基于美联储加息政策的应对分析

美联储启动加息预期以来,新兴市场和发展中国家货币汇率出现了较为剧烈的波动,关于货币政策规则中考虑汇率目标的争论增多。本文使用小型开放的新凯恩斯宏观经济模型,分析了美联储货币政策冲击对我国采取不同汇率目标权重货币政策规则时的影响。研究发现,美联储加息政策将使得我国产出减少、失业增加、通胀增加、汇率贬值。随着货币政策规则中汇率目标权重的增加,国内产出下降幅度扩大、失业增加幅度扩大、通胀增加幅度缩小、汇率贬值幅度缩小。此外,货币政策规则中考虑汇率目标也进一步削弱了本国货币政策的独立性。在此基础上,本文提出,在具体的货币政策实践中,货币当局应该根据本国的实际情况,对产出、就业、通胀和汇率等宏观经济变量的重要性做出权衡。     

人民币汇率、国际资本流动与货币政策有效性研究*——基于修正BGT模型的实证分析

本文采用修正的BGT模型,实证研究了国际资本流动影响因素以及央行在面对国内外资本市场波动、金融体系变迁等情形下,货币政策实施方式及其效果。结果显示,随着意愿结售汇制度的实行和人民币汇率弹性的增强,央行的货币自主性得以加强;在开放环境下,国际资本流动受国内外利差、资本市场溢价、货币政策及汇率制度和外汇管理制度的影响。面对这些国内外冲击,央行进行了央票冲销或调整准备金率等的反向货币政策操作,以实现货币政策目标。     

人工智能、就业与货币政策目标

本文在标准新凯恩斯货币模型中引入人工智能，研究人工智能对最优货币政策及货币政策设计的影响。基于推导出的二阶福利损失函数，本文首先分析了央行面临权衡的变化，然后以福利为标准分析了人工智能对央行货币政策规则选择的影响。研究发现：第一，在标准新凯恩斯货币模型中，央行在通胀和产出缺口之间权衡，而引入人工智能后，就业与人工智能投资波动也成为央行重要的权衡项。第二，引入人工智能后，相对于盯住通胀和产出缺口的泰勒规则，盯住通胀和就业缺口的货币政策规则带来更小的福利损失。这主要是因为，在人工智能可以高度替代劳动的情况下，过度重视产出缺口会导致人工智能投资和就业的巨大波动，并显著增加名义价格和工资粘性带来的福利损失。这一发现改变了央行应盯住通胀和产出缺口的结论，具有明确的政策含义。     

巴西、南非和俄罗斯货币政策规则实证研究

本文在一个开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型框架下,对金砖国家中巴西、南非、俄罗斯的货币政策规则进行了贝叶斯估计和检验。研究结果表明:巴西和南非央行实施通货膨胀目标制以后货币政策规则对汇率波动没有明显响应;俄罗斯央行则面临稳定通胀还是稳定汇率的权衡,因此俄罗斯央行对汇率波动反应系数较大,但金融危机过后该系数有所下降,通胀反应系数则明显提高。     

价格型与数量型货币政策工具比较——基于包含时变通胀目标的DSGE模型

建立包含时变通胀目标的新凯恩斯DSGE模型,研究在分别使用数量型和价格型的货币政策工具的情况下通胀目标变动冲击对中国经济波动的影响。结果显示:在两种情况下,通胀目标变动冲击对通货膨胀和利率的波动均产生重要影响;当使用数量型货币政策工具时,通胀目标变动冲击是导致产出波动的主要因素;整体而言,价格型货币政策工具的调控效果要优于数量型货币政策工具。提出:我国央行应保持货币政策的连续性和稳定性,形成长期稳定的通胀目标,并使货币政策调控模式逐步向价格型调控模式转移。     

新兴经济体通货膨胀目标制政策实践

通货膨胀目标制的兴起是20世纪90年代以来国际货币政策领域的一个重要发展,而新兴经济体俨然已成为这股潮流的主体、吸引着人们的目光;为此,本文对其在新兴经济体的实践情况进行总括而系统的考察和分析,以期给同为新兴经济体、并且现行货币政策面临变革和转型需要的我国提供若干可资借鉴的线索。本文认为,浮动汇率机制下寻求新的货币政策名义锚这一客观需求是其在新兴经济体日趋流行的背景所在,这一政策框架的中心在于稳定通胀预期,它在采用国显示出良好的宏观经济绩效,强调政策的透明度、应对汇率波动时须保持通胀目标的优先权、设置过渡期渐进推进以及通胀目标应逐步降低是其政策实践中具有共性的主要经验教训。     

我国当前货币政策操作目标困境的分析

在开放经济条件下,货币政策是由货币数量政策和货币价格政策(利率政策和汇率政策)组成的、对宏观经济进行控制和调节的系统。本文以货币政策操作目标的属性及我国货币政策操作目标构成的分析为基础,联系金融调控的实际,阐明了在利率和汇率未完全市场化前,动用货币政策工具的组合无法实现货币政策操作目标。最后建议加大利率和汇率的市场化改革,货币数量政策和利率、汇率政策协调一致加以考虑,并改革货币政策操作目标。     

汇率风险和中国产业的国际竞争

在新发展格局下，现代产业发展更加注重发展和安全的平衡。本文采用2005—2018年的数据分析了中国各行业面临的汇率风险暴露和国外产业竞争。研究发现：中国有426%的行业面临汇率风险暴露，资源品行业受到汇率冲击的影响最为严重，可贸易品行业受益于人民币兑美元贬值，但汇率的敏感性远低于日美贸易战时期。中国有389%的行业面临来自美国的产业竞争，产业支持政策在一定程度上增强了中国产业的竞争力。除美国外，中国的产业竞争主要来自英国、法国等欧洲发达国家。在此基础上，讨论了后疫情时代企业国际化的困难和应对。本文的研究对于汇率风险管理和产业政策制定有重要的参考价值。     

Modelling the impact of central bank intervention on exchange rate volatility under inflation targeting

This article empirically investigates the effect of central bank’s foreign exchange interventions on the level and volatility of the Uganda shilling/US dollar exchange rate (UGX/USD) under an inflation-targeting regime. Utilizing daily data spanning the period 1 September 2005, to 31 December 2015, we estimate a foreign exchange intervention model within a GARCH theoretic framework. Empirical results indicate that foreign exchange interventions have had mixed impact on the volatility of the exchange rate. We find that inflation targeting is capable of curbing temporary exchange rate shocks. Empirical results indicate that while order flow is capable of reducing exchange rate volatility, an increase in the operating target rate, the 7-day interbank rate tends to exacerbate exchange rate volatility. Our empirical results are robust to alternative model specifications. We argue that inflation targeting is an effective monetary policy tool for curbing exchange rate volatility.     

Monetary policy and commodity terms of trade shocks in emerging market economies

Commodity terms of trade shocks have continued to drive macroeconomic fluctuations in most emerging market economies. The volatility and persistence of these shocks have posed great challenges for monetary policy. This study employs a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to evaluate the optimal monetary policy responses to commodity terms of trade shocks in commodity dependent emerging market economies. The model is calibrated to the South African economy. The study shows that CPI inflation targeting performs relatively better than exchange rate targeting and non-traded inflation targeting both in terms of reducing macroeconomic volatility and reducing the losses of a non-benevolent central bank. However, macroeconomic stabilisation comes at a cost of increased exchange rate volatility. The results suggest that the appropriate response to commodity induced exogenous shocks is to target CPI inflation.     

我国汇率政策对货币政策的制约性分析

自2005年7月21日我国实施汇率制度改革以来,我国继续出现贸易、资本双顺差,外汇储备持续高速增加使人民币升值压力继续存在。国外游资的大量涌入,使得我国银行体系出现“流动性过剩”,并凸显通货膨胀压力。央行采取了一系列货币政策措施,包括提高利率、提高法定准备金率、发行央行定向票据等,但是效果并不明显,目前我国流动性过剩问题依然严重,通胀压力仍然存在,货币政策的实施效果严重受到了汇率政策的制约。     

A MODEL OF INFLATION TRANSMISSION IN AN EXCHANGE RATE TARGET ZONE

I incorporate an exchange rate target zone with intramarginal interventions in a small open economy model. Using the method of undetermined coefficients, I solve for the price level and the nominal exchange rate to determine how price shocks from the large economy affect the small open economy. The results show that the behaviour of inflation transmission within the band differs from the behavior of inflation transmission at the edge of the band of the target zone. Foreign shocks can affect local prices in both cases but the central bank can respond through market interventions within the band while it cannot do so at the edge. Near the edge of the band, a central bank has to intervene to stop the exchange rate from breaching the band. My model predicts that if the interventions are robust, then the exchange rate is mean reverting and an exchange rate target zone can insulate an economy from foreign price shocks. Based on the model, central bank interventions contribute to long‐run price stability in a target zone regime. Finally, I empirically test the model using unit root and cointegration tests, and present some policy implications.     

NOMINAL GDP TARGETING AND CENTRAL BANK CONSERVATIVENESS

In the literature on monetary economics, there is the ‘inflationary bias’ result which predicts that the rate of inflation will be biased towards a higher level under discretionary monetary policy than under a rule‐based policy regime. It is established that a credible nominal target can eliminate this ‘inflationary bias’. In this paper, we examine the case of nominal GDP targeting, which is a rule‐based monetary regime. Depending on the degree of conservativeness by the central bank, we show in a stylized model the choice of different combination of inflation and real GDP targets can still result in an ‘inflationary bias’, and there also exists the possibility of a ‘dis‐inflationary bias’.     

The Simple Post-Keynesian Monetary Policy Model: An Open Economy Approach

Monetary policy with an inflation targeting rule is analyzed through a simple small-scale Post-Keynesian model that incorporates open economy issues. In contrast with previous Post-Keynesian attempts, the model embodies policy authorities that are committed not only to hitting inflation and/or output targets, but also to the achievement of the external balance. To take account of the external balance objective, we model the real exchange rate as an endogenous and moving target, with the nominal exchange rate being the instrument of that target. The model shows that in response to an adverse external shock the central bank has to consider first the required real exchange rate adjustment that will preserve the external balance, and secondly the level at which the interest rate must be set in order to maintain inflation stabilization. Keeping inflation to target requires higher interest rates and strong reliance on the unemployment channel which, under certain circumstances, also has adverse side effects on income distribution. We show that to deal with an exogenous external shock a policy mix of real exchange rate targeting and income distribution targeting outperforms inflation targeting.     

Inflation in Open Economies with Complete Markets

This paper uses an overlapping generations model to analyze monetary policy in a two-country model with asymmetric shocks. Agents insure against risk through the exchange of a complete set of real securities. Each central bank is able to commit to the contingent monetary policy rule that maximizes domestic welfare. In an attempt to improve their country’s terms of trade of securities, central banks choose to commit to costly inflation in favorable states of nature. In equilibrium the effects on the terms of trade wash out, leaving both countries worse off. Countries facing asymmetric shocks may therefore gain from monetary cooperation.     

MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY AND COUNTERFACTUAL INFLATION‐TARGETING IN HONG KONG

The present paper evaluates macroeconomic adjustment in Hong Kong with an estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model under a fixed exchange rate regime. We find that exports and world inflation shocks are the dominant sources of GDP volatility, with the risk premium taking on importance during the Asian crisis after 1997. A counterfactual simulation, assuming a flexible exchange rate regime with inflation targeting, shows that inflation would have decreased slightly, but interest‐rate volatility would have increased significantly. The welfare gains from switching out of the currency board system appear to be marginal.     

EXTREME EVENTS AND OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY

This article studies the implication of extreme shocks for monetary policy. The analysis is based on a small‐scale New Keynesian model with sticky prices and wages where shocks are drawn from asymmetric generalized extreme value distributions. A nonlinear perturbation solution of the model is estimated by the simulated method of moments. Under the Ramsey policy, the central bank responds nonlinearly and asymmetrically to shocks. The trade‐off between targeting a gross inflation rate above 1 as insurance against extreme shocks and targeting an average gross inflation at unity to avoid adjustment costs is unambiguously decided in favor of strict price stability.