影响贫困大学生择业的个人因素及其对策分析

随着大学毕业生的增多和就业形势的日益严峻,贫困大学生的就业难问题尤为突出.如何更好地解决贫困大学生的就业问题将是我国高等教育发展的关键环节.影响贫困大学生择业的因素包括政府、社会、高校等多种因素.本文仅通过对影响贫困大学生择业的个人因素进行分析,并对解决贫困大学生就业难问题提出一些对策、建议.     

高校贫困生就业竞争力分析

随着高校的不断扩招,贫困大学生问题逐渐成为当今社会关注的重点问题之一。家庭贫困对大学生的学习、生活、心理等各方面都产生着重要的影响,而这些因素又与就业竞争力直接相关。因此,了解和分析家庭贫困对大学生的各方面影响现状,对怎样更好地提高其就业竞争力有重要的意义。鉴于此,针对北京某大学本科生展开一项调查。通过调查发现,该校大学生中,贫困生和非贫困生相比在心理素质、人际关系等方面存在着较大的不同,从而影响到了就业竞争力。就这些问题,提出了一些观点,希望能有益于提升贫困大学生就业竞争力。     

论大学生就业焦虑的生成与克服

由于长期的就业压力与消极的就业心理,学校、家庭教育的错位与缺失,大学生成为＂就业焦虑＂这一心理疾患的重灾群体。为有效预防大学生的就业焦虑,必须整合并建立健全大学生心理危机干预的联动机制,采用多种途径对大学生进行心理健康教育,并坚持对大学生进行持续、科学的职业规划指导。     

贫困大学生的心理贫困问题与对策

贫困大学生心理贫困逐渐引起了社会各界的普遍重视。贫困大学生的心理贫困是隐性的,其危害性直接影响到高校的稳定和贫困大学生的成才。完善贫困大学生扶助体系、加强贫困大学生心理疏导等策略,是解决贫困大学生心理问题的基本路径。     

金融危机情况下贫困女大学生的就业价值取向

面对当前的经济发展情况,就业就成了国民经济发展和解决民生问题的头等大事。目前就业现状堪忧,对于就业压力日益严峻的中国人才市场来说,作为一个特殊群体,贫困女大学生在就业过程中或许将不得不面对残酷的现实。所以,对于这些贫困女大学生来说,在就业过程中本人要树立正确的就业价值取向 学校的有关部门亦应积极完善就业帮扶机制。     

贫困大学生不良就业心态分析及对策研究

贫困大学生是一个值得关注的高校弱势群体。文章从贫困大学生不良心态的主要表现入手,在对产生原因进行分析的基础上,从教育管理、就业指导、心理调适三方面提出了建议,以期引起社会对贫困大学生心理的关注和就业的支持。     

当代贫困大学生的主要就业心理问题

大学生的就业心理是指大学生在就业活动中产生的各种心理现象,健康的就业心理有助于大学生就业活动的展开和顺利解决就业问题,使其正确认识自己的地位,合理评估自己正确把握理想和现实的结合点,而不良的就业心理则会阻碍大学生就业问题的解决。在当代贫困大学生中,影响和制约其就业心理的问题主要有以下几个方面。     

高校贫困女大学毕业生就业问题研究

近几年来,随着高等院校大规模的扩招,在校大学生人数急剧上升,毕业生人数也逐年增加.据2004年3月中国扶贫基金会公布的<高校贫困女大学生状况调查报告>显示:贫困生比例约为20%,农、林、师范类学校贫困生比例超过30%.由于性别差异,加上就业过程中的性别歧视,高校贫困女大学毕业生这一特殊群体在稀缺的岗位资源面前的处境更是艰难.文章针对高校贫困女大学生的特点,及其就业困难的原因,提出缓和这一群体的就业措施.     

贫困女大学生就业心理调查及归因分析——以福州金山学区大学为例

贫困女大学生,作为一个特殊群体,由于经济和家庭出身的不利处境,容易遭遇就业困境,造成不良影响,成为社会发展中的一个不和谐音符.针对此现象,本文通过问卷调查的形式去进一步了解贫困女大学生在就业过程中的心理障碍及其内因,并提出若干建议.     

大学生职业指导应对大学生就业焦虑现象的思考

按照我国高等教育的发展目标,到2020年我国的适龄人口高等教育入学率达到40%.越来越多的大学生带来越来越大的就业竞争压力.因此而造成的大学生就业焦虑心理越来越普遍.要解决就业焦虑心理现象,最根本的办法是完善目前的大学生职业指导工作,将大学生职业生涯规划、就业指导和心理指导三者有机结合.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.