环境问题产生的原因及解决途径的经济学分析

一、环境问题的经济学根源 1．市场失灵理论。微观经济学认为,市场是资源配置的手段之一,给定一些理想化的假定条件,完全竞争市场能使资源达到最优配置。如果一些理想化的条件不能得到满足,市场就会失灵,使资源不能得到有效配置。市场失灵的原因有多种,如垄断、公共物品、外部影响、不完全信息等。按照这一思路进行分析,如果环境资源具有使市场失灵的特性,那么市场就不能对其进行有效配置,从而出现环境问题。     

企业内部市场失灵原因探析

同外部市场一样,企业内部市场也存在失灵。企业内部市场失灵是指企业内部组织不能有效配置资源、节约成本,从而无法实现利润最大化。文章将知识和资源的观点引入企业理论,从资源基础论的角度分析了企业内部市场失灵的原因。     

政府在循环经济中的作用探析

本文首先简要地介绍了循环经济的含义及特征,接着从市场对资源、环境配置存在失灵的角度论证了循环经济中政府作用的必要性,进而讨论了循环经济中政府作用形式（纠正市场对资源、环境配置存在的失灵;教育、培训;规划、协调;制定和实施法律、法规）及对政府作用的规范（包括规范的必要与规则）;最后,对我国政府在循环经济中的作用提出政策建议。     

水权交易与水权界定:从我国首例水权交易案谈起

随着我国社会经济的快速发展，对水资源的需求迅速增长，水资源的稀缺性和经济价值逐渐显现并不断提高。这种趋势激励了经济主体对水资源产权的界定，为水资源配置的市场化创造了前提条件。当前，我国正处于经济转型时期，水资源市场建设远远落后于其他市场。本文从我国首例水权交易案入手，对水权交易与水权界定等相关问题做一初步探讨。一、我国首例水权交易过程及其纷争“共饮一江水”的东阳和义乌同居浙江省金华江上下游，但水资源的丰歉却大相径庭。在金华江流域内，东阳市的水资源最为丰裕，人均水资源量达２１２６立方米，而义乌市人…     

政府在循环经济中的作用探析

本文首先简要地介绍了循环经济的含义及特征,接着从市场对资源、环境配置存在失灵的角度论证了循环经济中政府作用的必要性,进而讨论了循环经济中政府作用形式(纠正市场对资源、环境配置存在的失灵;教育、培训;规划、协调;制定和实施法律、法规)及对政府作用的规范(包括规范的必要与规则);最后,对我国政府在循环经济中的作用提出政策建议.     

政府与市场在资源配置中的力量均衡

面对市场失灵和政府失灵,必须发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用,提高政府的宏观调控水平,科学区分私人物品、公共物品和准公共物品的不同性质,采用不同的配置手段,政府与市场能够在资源配置中形成力量均衡的最佳水平。     

我国水资源的管理困境及其解决思路

本文主要探讨当前我国水资源管理面临的市场失灵和政府失灵的管理困境,并提出解决这一困境需要从制度、文化、领导力等角度系统重构水资源管理机制,这样才能从根本上实现水资源合理利用和保护的目标。     

广东水权制度改革与水市场建设思路

水权是水资源管理机制的重要构成部分。在水资源短缺的情况下,建立可交易的水权制度能够提高水资源在不同用水部门或用水地区的配置效率。本文在剖析广东省现行水权制度的基础上,探讨了合理配置水资源的水权制度,提出了建设水市场的建议。     

医疗服务行业中的市场失灵与政府失灵及其矫正

基于医疗服务行业所具有信息不对称性、行政垄断性、公共品属性及外部效应致使该行业市场失灵与政府失灵同时并存。本文认为垄断、公共产品的供给、信息不对称及外部效应引致了市场失灵的产生;政府的内部效应、寻租活动、政府的低效率及信息不完全导致了政府失灵的产生。本文分析了医疗服务行业中市场失灵和政府失灵的具体表现,并就市场失灵和政府失灵的情况提出了矫正失灵的具体对策。本文认为应该从矫正医疗服务行业的信息不对称、垄断、外部效应、公共产品及优化政府规制等方面矫正其产生的市场失灵。应该从医疗服务行业引入竞争优化垄断竞争格局、加大对公共医疗服务的投入缓解供给短缺及加强制度建设遏制腐败和寻租矫正其产生的政府失灵。     

缺水条件下银川市水市场构建与水价形成机制

银川市水资源的短缺不能简单地依赖行政性的水价提高来解决，而必须将水资源配置纳入市场体制之内，这是中国经济市场化过程又一亟待突破的领域。本文考察了银川市水资源短缺的基本状况，剖析了水兼有一般商品与公共品的性质，在此基础上从水权与水市场的制度构建层面探讨了缓解水资源短缺的市场价格机制。在分析方法上，本文应用制度经济学和新古典经济学，超越了传统的单一化的成本分析，同时融合了经济学、法学和环境科学的特点。     

水资源使用权交易的费用效果分析

我国水资源过度开采、浪费、污染等现象严重,面对日益严峻的水资源形势,水资源短缺将成为全球未来发展面临的最主要问题之一。本文在可持续发展战略的指导下,明确水权的涵义,进行水资源使用权交易的费用效益分析,指出水资源使用权的交易有利于提高水资源利用效率和加快节水型社会的建设,实现水资源的可持续发展,对我国水权交易市场的建立和水使用权交易具有一定的理论和实践指导意义。     

水权概念和体系的探析——基于资源水与产品水的划分视角

水权是水产权制度的简称,是建立水权市场体系的基础。当前我国面临的水资源短缺与水环境污染危机迫切要求建立有效的水权制度和水权市场体系,以保护和有效配置水资源。为此,法学界和经济学界分别从物权和产权的角度对水权进行阐释和建构。但现有研究对水权的把握过于抽象,难以明确经济主体在用水行为中的损益边界。而以水质变化和用水方式的竞争性、排他性为依据,具体区分资源水和产品水两种水资源形态,能够较为合理地界定和把握水权概念,有针对性地建构水权体系,建立水权市场,从而有助于从微观上定义经济主体的行为边界,从宏观上明确政府与市场的作用边界,为实现水资源的合理配置与可持续发展以及相关立法提供理论依据。     

建立水市场的成本估计框架

以往关于水资源市场交易机制的研究因为仅限于一个市场的交易成本,因此常常低估交易成本。我们认为,市场产权制度的设计与实施相关成本是交易成本中非常重要的部分。在运用交易成本对水配置机制效率的全面评价时面临一系列的测度问题,尽管有关最终交易的成本相对易于测度,但最初的信息收集、政策执行和正式市场机制的设计与运行的有关成本的测度存在困难。事实上,当一个政策实施后,再来测度交易成本要容易得多,但为了决策的需要,我们必须事前就了解相应的交易成本。     

Marketising the commons in Africa: the case of Ghana

The recent surge in the marketisation of the commons in Africa – especially of water bodies – warrants careful political economic analysis. Three questions remain intractable: (1) Were there markets in the beginning? If so, how have they transformed and if not, how did markets arise and transform over the years? (2) what are the outcomes of such markets for people, their livelihoods, and their environment? And (3) how to interpret the outcomes of water markets and whether water should be commodified at all. For new institutional economists, water markets have arisen because of the inferior nature of Indigenous or customary systems which are incapable of offering precisely what water markets offer Africa: economic and ecological fortunes. Using an institutional political economy approach and drawing on experiences in Ghana, the paper investigates the social history of marketisation of the commons and probes the effects of marketisation in terms of absolute, relative, and differential/congruent outcomes as well as the opportunity cost of the current water property rights regime. The empirical evidence shows that markets have been socially created through imposed and directed policies. Some jobs have been created through investment, but such employment is not unique to marketisation and private investment. Indeed, the private model of property rights has worsened the distribution of water resources not only within different property relations in Africa but also between diverse property relations. Water markets have been responsible for much displacement and trouble not only for communities but also nature. Overall, there is no necessary congruence between the promises made by new institutional economists and how communities experience water markets. Tighter regulations for the use of inland and transboundary water sources might temporarily halt the displacement of communities sparked by marketisation of the commons, but only one fundamental change can guarantee community well-being: to regard the access to and community control of water as constitutionally sanctioned human rights and as res communis.     

Price clustering in Australian water markets

The finding of clustering in financial prices on particular digits is common across a broad range of financial markets. This article explores whether price clustering is also present in the case of the weekly market for seasonal water in rural Victoria, Australia. We find a similar degree of clustering in the seasonal water market. This suggests that the trading activities of the market produce characteristics that are similar to more sophisticated and deeper financial markets.     

Which way does water flow? An econometric analysis of the global price integration of water stocks

Around US$600 billion of investment is desperately needed to address forecasted huge shortages in water supply globally. A number of worldwide investors – so-called water funds – have started to take up this challenge. For these global water investors, knowledge about the extent of integration between the water sectors of financial markets is highly important. According to international portfolio diversification theory, the less (more) integrated markets are, the more (less) benefits there are from international diversification. In this study, we investigate the extent and manner of interdependence among the US, European and Asian water sector of the equity markets based on Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger causality and impulse response analyses. We find that world water stock market prices are indeed significantly interdependent although this interdependence varies across time periods. Each market quickly responds to shocks from each other and completes its response within 3 days. Hence, for water investors, international diversification that is undertaken just within the water sector will not be beneficial. The result also implies that there is the risk of crossmarket contagion – that is, price volatility spill over across water sectors of different financial markets, and therefore, water authorities in one market should take cognisance of events in other markets.     

水资源利用市场化下的水权及其类型化探讨

水资源利用市场化的前提是建立水权制度。水权是单位或个人对一定之水的使用收益权。水资源具有多用性,对水资源利用的目的和方式不同,水权内容也就存在差异。水权类型化不仅便于明确各类水权主体的权利和义务,而且便于国家对水资源开发利用的管理,促进水资源的合理利用。     

The Design of ``Smart' Water Market Institutions Using Laboratory Experiments

One of the problems with proposals for substantialinstitutional change in water systems is thatmodification and irreversibility make the processslow, cautious and costly to society. In this paper,we discuss the role that experimental economics canplay in evaluating proposed institutional changes tohelp facilitate a more rapid and smooth adoption ofchanges in the water system. Experimental economicsyields a formal and replicable system for analyzingalternative market structures before they are actuallyimplemented. For example, a water market can bedeveloped and tested in the laboratory under supplyand demand constraints that reflect drought conditionsthat might occur in California, or other arid regionsin the world. We present a prototype of a Californiawater transfer model and the results from a series ofwater market experiments. Results include realizedmarket efficiency and surplus distribution, as well asan analysis of market price volatility. Theimplications of this research extend well beyondCalifornia water markets, not only to water markets inother arid regions, but also to the design of marketsfor other environmental goods, including tradablepollution permits and fishery ITQs.     

我国流域水资源产权特性与制度建设

水资源是一种具有多重特性的稀缺资源。水资源的外部效应特性、共有资源属性以及水资源使用者的长期合作博弈性质,要求对水资源的产权安排应充分反映这些特性,并在此基础上建立水资源管理的基本制度-水权制度,以便使水资源配置真正达到帕累托最优。     

我国流域水市场的制度研究思路

本文针对我国流域水资源管理的现状和引入流域水市场的必要性,对国内外流域水市场研究的文献进行了系统综述,同时系统分析了我国流域水市场研究中存在的问题和建立流域水市场所面临的约束因素.在此基础上,结合流域水市场的研究趋势,归纳、提炼出我国水市场研究的主要问题与内容.最后,提出应在方法论的整合基础上,以我国流域的特殊性为视角展开研究.