对货币职能及本质的再探讨

货币的发展至少经历了商品货币阶段和信用货币阶段,虽然表现形式不断变化、演进,货币本质在客观上却是恒定的。目前,各种货币理论的货币解释,都不能贯穿所有的货币发展阶段,而显露其局限性。从货币职能入手探讨货币本质,人们会发现:交换媒介是货币的根本职能,其他职能是它的前提条件;人们一直忽略了货币的一项重要职能——价值表现;货币本质是纯粹的价值表现形式。     

货币职能分离理论与人民币汇率改革

货币职能分离理论是新货币经济学的核心理论之一。该理论认为货币职能特别是交易媒介和记账单位两种职能可以由不同的资产或商品分别承担，其向传统货币理论之货币职能集于一种资产或商品观点提出了挑战。现实经济中，智利经验给新货币经济学思想提供了成功案例，也给我国的人民币汇率改革提供了可借鉴经验。     

货币的第六种职能——论货币是现代市场经济中最发达的生产要素

马克思建立了科学的劳动价值论,也科学地揭示了货币的起源、本质和职能。关于货币的职能众所周知的是五种职能：价值尺度、流通手段、贮藏手段、支付手段和世界货币,而对马克思充分阐述的货币在市场经济中最重要的职能──货币成为市场中最发达的生产要素,长期以来却被忽视了。本文认为,货币在市场经济中成为最发达的生产要素,可以看作是货币的第六种职能,也正因为货币的这一职能,使货币成为推动社会经济发展的动力源泉。 一、拥有货币,就拥有生产所需的一切要素 在市场经济中,货币成为最发达的生产要素,首先是因为货币的职能发生…     

论纸币的本质与职能

论纸币的本质与职能陈彩虹一关于纸币本质的讨论，应当说，我们已经有了许多许多的结论。但是，从整体上看，大量的结论并不是产生于对纸币本身本质的研究，而是来自于对货币一般或者是对商品本位货币研究的附带性分析。这样，纸币本身的质的规定性，也就在货币一般的理论...     

马克思货币分析的二重性方法探究

对货币的理解一直存在着货币是一种商品还是一种信用的争论,但任何对货币单一的理解和分析都是片面的,借助于马克思的二重性方法方可获得对货币本质和作用的完整认知。马克思批判了货币的两种本质观,运用二重性方法对货币进行了系统分析。货币具有特殊商品和一般等价物的二重本质,其分析体现在马克思各个时期的文本中。货币在职能上也体现了价值尺度和交易媒介的二重性,每种职能又可进行二重分析。两种货币职能统一为价值储藏职能,即资本分析的起始,既是货币二重分析的结束,又是其升华。     

马克思二重性视阈下货币本质观的批判与构建

西方经济学的两种货币本质观都存在问题,难以解释货币现象和经济现实,马克思对二者都进行过批判,他的"二重性"分析方法为客观认知两种货币本质观并全面准确地理解货币的多维度内涵提供了思想武器.马克思的二重性思想认为,货币本质上具有社会属性和自然属性两种性质,是固定充当一般等价物的商品.基于历史与逻辑相统一的方法,马克思提倡从抽象上升到具体的分析思路,货币社会形式的历史演变为马克思的货币分析提供了历史基础.马克思的二重性方法也适用于货币职能的分析,一般等价物可延伸出价值尺度和交易媒介两种基本职能,二者又可进行二重性解读,基于货币职能交叠可以得到货币理论的构建思路.     

货币的本质再反思

市场经济离不开货币。在现代社会中,绝大多数人几乎每天都与各种各样的货币打交道。但是,到底什么是货币？货币的本质是什么？传统的政治经济学把货币当作一般商品等价物的一种特殊商品。马汀认为货币的本质是它背后的由信用账目和清算体系所构成的机制。笔者认为把货币的本质看成是一种可转让的债或可转让的信用,这是对货币本身最深层的理解。从支撑经济交易的可转让信用和债务来认识货币,也并非否定货币是人类社会市场交易的一种媒介,而只是让人们在更深的层面上认识人类社会的经济运行,尤其是认清国家与市场在经济发展中的作用。这些才是我们的经济学家应当认真思考和需要弄清楚的问题。     

后凯恩斯信用货币供给理论和基于中国的实证研究

后凯恩斯信用货币供给理论认为现代货币的本质是信用货币，是银：厅和客户之间的债权交换；信用货币的供给是需求决定的，贷款创造存款，存款引致储备；中央银行对货币供给很难实现数量控制，只能采取价格（利率）控制。在一个具体的市场期间里，无论是在零售贷款市场方面还是在存款市场方面，银行都是价格的制定者和数量的接受者。对中国1994—2006年相关数据的经验研究支持上述理论逻辑。信用货币循环的理论逻辑与经验事实给我们提供了一定的政策启示。     

存款货币创造理论的分歧与发展

存款货币创造理论是货币金融理论的重要组成部分，经历了漫长的发展过程，但到目前为止，在国内金融学界对该理论的认识和表述存在较大分歧。特别是对存款货币创造的本质、存款货币创造的源泉、存款货币创造的主体等方面分歧较大。本文力图对存在分歧的核心问题做出更加完善且符合实际的解释。这对金融基础理论的发展、对货币金融理论的教学、对货币政策的制定等将具有重要意义。     

货币创造的逻辑形成和历史演进——对传统货币理论的批判

本文从逻辑的原点出发,分析了信用货币制度下货币的创造过程,提出货币的核心功能不是交易媒介和价值储藏手段,而是组织生产。货币的本质不是一般等价物,而是作为无限跨期价值尺度的一般性债务。从货币创造的视角出发分析了货币的演进历史,质疑了传统理论描述的从实物货币到信用货币的演进过程,提出信用货币是历史上货币的主要表现形式,货币演进历史的主要脉络是:私人信用货币—政府信用货币—银行信用货币。最后本文分析了对银行货币创造的约束,并回顾和总结了中国央行约束与银行反约束在中国的实践。     

动量货币与传统货币指标的理论与经验分析

简单加总的货币指标早已受到理论和实践的挑战,而主流国家的各种改革方案均没有取得成功.其原因是西方学者偏重货币的资产功能,忽视到货币的交易功能,对货币的基本认识存在偏差.宇宙中不存在绝对静止的事物,货币的本性是运动.物理学的动量定理与经济学的交易方程式可以进行类比.笔者尝试建立了动量货币的指标,初步的经验分析结果富有启发意义.货币的重要性依赖于它的数量和速度.西方学者排斥货币的真实速度,宏观经济学的基本结构存在重大缺陷.     

How justified is abandoning money in the conduct of monetary policy in Australia on the grounds of instability in the money‐demand function?

The role of money in the design and conduct of monetary policy has reemerged as an important issue in both advanced and developing economies, especially since the 2007 global financial crisis. A growing body of recent literature suggests that the causal relationship between money supply growth and inflation remains intact across countries and over time and that this relation is not conditional on the stability of the money‐demand function or whether money is endogenous or exogenous. Moreover, critical for a rule‐based monetary policy is the presence of a long‐run stable money‐demand function, rather than a short‐run money‐demand model that may exhibit instability for many reasons, including problems with estimating a money‐demand model with high‐frequency data. Provided that a stable money‐demand function exists, it could be useful to establish long‐run equilibrium relations among money, output, prices, and exchange rates, as the classical monetary theory suggests. Within this analytical framework, this paper addresses the question of whether money has any role in the conduct of monetary policy in Australia. The conventional wisdom is that the money‐demand function in Australia has been unstable since the mid‐1980s due to financial deregulation and reforms; this led to a change in the strategy of monetary policy for price stability in the form of inflation targeting that ignores money insofar as inflation and its control are concerned. This paper reports empirical findings for Australia, obtained from a longer quarterly data series over the period 1960Q1–2015Q1, which suggest that instability in the narrow‐money‐demand function in Australia was primarily due to the exclusion of variables which have become important in the deregulated environment since the 1980s. These findings are confirmed by an expanded form of the narrow‐money‐demand function that was found stable over the past two decades, although it experienced multiple structural breaks over the study period. The paper draws the conclusion that abandoning the monetary aggregate as an instrument of monetary policy in Australia, under a rule‐based monetary policy such as inflation targeting, cannot be justified by instability in the money‐demand function or even by lack of a causal link between money supply growth and inflation.     

中国货币供给规模的实证检验——基于改进的第一代货币危机模型分析

我国货币供给、国内信贷与外汇储备增加之间在大多数年份保持一定的均衡关系.但在少数年份,货币供给也出现不足或超额现象.因此,我国在货币投放的时候,需要全面考虑货币供给、国内信贷与外汇储备增加之间的关系,在继续保持货币供给正常增长的同时,改善货币供应结构,提高货币政策的有效性,增加有效货币供给.     

关于中国频繁上调法定存款准备金率的思考

为落实从紧的货币政策,中国人民银行从2006年7月份以来连续15次上调存款准备金率,这虽然对中国的产能过剩、经济过热起到了一些调控作用,但难以有效抑制银行体系中的流动性过剩。针对中国宏观经济运行中出现的货币数量过多、流动性过剩这一热点问题,应尽快利用货币、财政手段加以解决。     

Money Quantity and Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policy: A Quantitative Analysis

This paper quantitatively analyzes the impact of money stock on optimal monetary and fiscal policy in a stochastic production economy with sticky prices. The numerical results indicate that a sufficient large quantity of money makes a noticeable difference in many aspects of optimal monetary and fiscal policy. They suggest that the volatile inflation in China may not be as bad as the existing theory would have implied if its large amount of money is taken into consideration.     

The nature and role of monetary policy when money is endogenous

This paper considers the nature and role of monetary policywhen money is modelled as credit money endogenously createdwithin the private sector. There are currently two schools ofthought that view money as endogenous: one has been labelledthe ‘new consensus’ in macroeconomics, and the otheris the Keynesian endogenous (bank) money approach. The paperfirst explores the analysis of monetary policy in the ‘newconsensus’ macroeconomic model, followed by an examinationof the effectiveness of monetary policy in that analysis. TheKeynesian view of endogenous money is discussed, and the rolefor monetary policy in a Keynesian endogenous monetary policyanalysis is considered, including discussion of the objectivesand instruments of monetary policy.     

中国"超额货币"成因的进一步检验

中国的超额货币一直是理论界颇有争议的话题,因而关于超额货币成因的理论假说有很多种。基于对以往的理论假说进行总结与质疑的基础上,利用货币需求的收入弹性与价格弹性对交易方程式进行调整,并利用中国1991-2003年的数据对调整后的模型进行检验,结果发现:货币需求的收入弹性与价格弹性的变化是导致中国超额货币存在的主要原因。     

The volatile relationship between deficits and inflation in Ukraine, 1992-1996

This paper compares the annual average of inflation in Ukraine, from 1992 to 1996, with its steady-state tendency each year. The steady-state tendency is, in turn, computed from data on monetary velocity and on the proportion of the total public deficit financed by domestic monetary emissions. Velocity is that of the base of the inflation tax in the steady-state, namely household M2 plus a fraction of enterprise M2. The use of this concept rather than high-powered money corresponds to the public and quasi-public nature of most commercial banks and many large and medium-sized enterprises until 1996. The demonstrated rough correspondence between actual inflation and calculated, steady-state inflation confirms the validity of the underlying monetary model.     

Why is money important in Jean-Baptiste Say's analysis?

Jean-Baptiste Say dedicated a significant part of his work to monetary questions, as much to explain the monetary practices of his period and to propose concrete measures to improve certain elements, as to develop theoretical reflections on the role of money in the mechanisms that political economy sheds light upon. His thought for that matter is not always devoid of contradictions when it comes to reconciling the results of observation with certain dimensions of his analysis. The article explains his conception of money. A variation in its quantity has an impact not only on prices, but also on the real economy, favourable when this issue is slow and moderate, but negative, on the other hand, when it is fast and large-scale. This leads to the measures of monetary policy recommended by Say.