我国遗传资源获取与惠益分享的立法建议

随着生物多样性的保护和生物技术的高速发展,遗传资源的保护问题也日渐凸显,遗传资源的获取与惠益分享所涉及的法律问题渐渐走进了人们的视野,尤其是在《名古屋议定书》之后,对于我国的遗传资源保护法律与管理体制又提出了新的挑战,解决遗传资源的获取与惠益分享的法律问题已经刻不容缓,必须尽快完善我国的遗传资源获取与惠益分享的法律制度,以最大限度的保护遗传资源并实现最佳收益。     

我国生物遗传资源的知识产权保护研究

生物遗传资源是生物科学研究的重要基础和社会经济可持续发展的战略性资源,也是农业发展的基石.近年来,一些西方发达国家的医药和生物技术公司通过各种手段从我国掠夺大量遗传资源,并通过对这些资源的研发获得巨额利润,对我国生物遗传资源进行保护的必要性日益突出.文章分析了我国生物遗传资源保护的必要性及现状,认为知识产权保护是有效地保护我国生物遗传资源的重要方式,并在此基础上提出了加强我国生物遗传资源知识产权保护的几点思考.     

西藏生物遗传资源的流失及其保护的紧迫性研究

揭示了生物遗传资源流失与生物剽窃的内涵,从遗传资源流失的状况、范围和原因,遗传资源的价值,生物技术在遗传资源上的价值和法律层面上的保护等四方面来分析生物遗传资源的保护,特别是法律层面的保护的紧迫性。     

云南生态文明建设中的生物遗传资源保护法律问题研究

生态文明是人类在发展物质文明过程中保护和改善生态环境的成果,它表现为人与自然和谐程度的进步和人们生态文明观念的增强.地球上丰富多样的生物遗传资源,它不仅是我国社会经济可持续发展的战略性资源,是基因研究和应用的基础,还是人类生存和社会可持续发展的战略性资源,也是我国、云南省建设生态文明的重要基础.文章分析了云南生态文明建设与生物遗传资源保护的必要性,云南省生物遗传资源的保护及其存在的主要法律问题,并对云南省建设生态文明过程中加强对生物遗传资源保护提出了相应的法律对策.     

我国野生动物法律保护问题研究

野生动物是十分宝贵的自然资源,但是随着森林资源的减少和人为地猎捕,许多种类濒临灭绝.生物多样性急剧减少,本文主要论述了我国野生动物保护存在的问题,提出了野生动物资源保护的对策,防止生物多样性的丧失.     

中国蝶类生物多样性生存现状及其新的保护模式探索

中国地跨古北区和东洋区,蝴蝶生物多样性非常丰富。蝴蝶具有巨大的美学、经济和生态价值。但是由于生态环境的破坏和市场利益的驱动,使我国蝴蝶生物多样性资源遭受了严重破坏。指出了我国蝴蝶生物多样性资源所面临的主要威胁以及所采取的保护措施,提出了蝴蝶生物多样性资源保护和可持续利用双赢的新思路,以期达到蝴蝶资源保护和可持续利用的良性互动。     

生物多样性对城市生态系统服务功能的影响

生物多样性是生物及其与环境形成的生态复合体,以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总和,具有十分重要的价值,是人类生存的物质基础。本文在分析我国城市生物多样性的现状和特征的基础上,论述了生物多样性在支撑城市自然生态亚系统、提高城市空气质量、修复污染土壤、降低噪声、改善土壤状况增加空气湿度、降低城市热岛效应、提供居民食品与医药及工厂原料、影响城市生态安全方面的作用;提出完善政策与法规,开展入文教育,拓展国际合作,确定保护优先序列和分层次保护机制,建设生态园林,防止生态入侵是避免城市生物多样性衰减的有效对策。     

比较法视域下我国动物资源保护刑事立法的完善

对动物资源进行刑法保护,是保护生物多样性的重要手段。国外动物资源保护的刑事立法富有特色,具有一定的科学性和先进性,从比较法的视域加以研究,剖析我国动物资源保护刑事立法的不足,借鉴国外立法经验,进一步完善立法,是有效保护我国动物资源,实现生物多样性保护的有效路径。     

外来遗传资源对我国作物生产的经济评价——以水稻为例

广泛采用少数优良种质资源,会引起作物遗传多样性下降,降低品种抗病和抗逆能力,影响作物的产量.引进和利用外来种质资源是丰富作物遗传多样性、促进品种更新换代的重要途径.通过分析中国25个水稻主产省区21年(1982～2001)主要品种的亲缘关系和遗传构成,研究国外稻种资源,特别是国际水稻所和日本对中国水稻遗传贡献的变化和对中国水稻生产的经济影响.结果表明,国外稻种资源对中国水稻单产起到了促进作用;与国内种质资源相比,近20年来IRRI、日本和其他国家稻种资源的遗传贡献对于我国水稻单产的增长分别贡献了1.91%、0.32%和5.83%的力量.中国政府应支持和鼓励研究人员大量引进国外稻种资源,加强对该种质的研究、开发与利用,从而更好地为中国水稻生产的发展提供资源储备.     

遗传资源获取与惠益分享的立法典范——印度2002年《生物多样性法》评介

印度是世界上生物多样性和遗传资源最为丰富的国家之一,同时也拥有大量的与遗传资源有关的传统知识.不过,近年来,国际社会出现了多起针对印度遗传资源及其相关传统知识的生物剽窃事件.在此背景下,印度制定了《生物多样性法》(2002),通过专门立法对遗传资源的获取与惠益分享进行严格的管制,以维护国家权益.在遗传资源获取与惠益分享领域,中国与印度具有很多类似的国情.因此,印度2002年《生物多样性法》可以为我国进行相关立法提供一些可资借鉴的经验.     

Farmers' preferences for crop variety traits: Lessons for on-farm conservation and technology adoption

Although in-situ conservation is increasingly considered an efficient way of conserving plant genetic resources, little is known about the incentives and constraints that govern conservation decisions among small farm holders in developing countries. Using a choice experiment approach, we investigated Ethiopian farmers' crop variety preferences, estimated the mean willingness to pay for each crop variety attribute, and identified household-specific and institutional factors that governed the preferences. We found that environmental adaptability and yield stability are important attributes for farmers' choice of crop varieties. Farmers are willing to forego some extra income or yield to obtain a more stable and environmentally adaptable crop variety. Among other things, household resource endowments (particularly land holdings and livestock ownership), years of farming experience, and contact with extension services are the major factors causing household heterogeneity of crop variety preferences. Based on our experimental results, we derived important policy implications for on-farm conservation, breeding priority setting, and improved variety adoption in Ethiopia.     

A study on the bioenergy crop production function of land use in China

Based on the analysis of the bioenergy crop production function of land use,combined with the status quo of Chinese land use,the cultivation of energy plants and the bioenergy crop production function of land use had been analyzes and discusses in this paper.Results show that there were a lot of unused lands and marginal lands which can be planted bioenergy crops to perform the bioenergy crop production function of land use with great potentials; and currently there were no food production problems.Therefore,it was very important for China to emphasize bioenergy crops planting in order to fully use land resources in our country,moderate the energy crisis and increase peasants＇ income.     

Transboundary Marine Resources and Trading Neighbours

The importance of space in analyzing issues pertaining to renewable resources can hardly be overstated. Many such resources are mobile and spatially heterogeneous with respect to bio-economic variables, with important implications for both domestic management regimes and for international externalities and policy interactions. This paper uses a simple general-equilibrium framework to show that acknowledging the inter-jurisdictional mobility of a resource such as fish has the potential to alter or qualify some of the conservation and welfare results obtained in the canonical models. The previous literature on trade and renewable resources has focused on cases where national resource stocks are independent. Brander and Taylor (Can J Econ 30(3):526?C552, 1997a; Resour Energy Econ 19(4):267?C297, 1997b; J Int Econ, 1998a; Am Econ Rev, 1998b) find that trade leads to resource stock depletion for an open-access resource-exporting country, while the non-resource exporter is necessarily diversified. In contrast, we find that the country with a comparative advantage in the resource good may gain from a conservation standpoint, while its partner can specialize in the manufactured good and may incur conservation and even welfare losses from trade.     

Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation in Subsistence Crop Production in the Eastern Ethiopian Highlands: The Case of the Hunde-Lafto Area

The aim of this paper is to analyze whether investment in soil and water conservation results in a higher yield and income and/or mitigate variability in yield and income to subsistence farm households in the Hunde-Lafto area. Net returns from crop production with and without soil and water conservation (SWC) are compared based on stochastic dominance (SD) criteria. A non-parametric first order SD and normalized second order are used for data analysis. Analysis is based on the Soil Conservation Research Program (SCRP) database for the Hunde-Lafto research unit. The results of the analysis suggest that adopting a conservation strategy results in higher grain yield and net return than in not adopting. The normalized second order SD analysis results do not support the hypothesis that conservation strategy is unambiguously better than a noconservation strategy in reducing variability in yield and net return to farmers. However, conservation strategy has shown second order dominance at lower levels of yield and income that often correspond to unfavorable rainfall conditions. This makes it a preferred strategy to cope with the most prevalent risk factor of moisture shortage. Therefore, appropriate policies to help and encourage farmers to adopt SWC structures will contribute to improving the welfare of subsistence farm households in the study area and in other similar settings in the country. Designing and implementing SWC techniques that may result in unambiguous second order SD dominance will further improve the desirability and adoption of conservation measures.     

推进可持续发展水利是解决我国严重缺水问题的根本出路

我国水资源短缺,供需矛盾突出,水污染严重,水生态环境安全面临挑战,已经成为经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈。近些年,我国在推进可持续发展方面做了许多工作,取得了一定成绩,但仍然任重道远。我们必须深入学习贯彻科学发展观,深刻把握可持续发展水利的内涵。当前特别要抓好三项迫切的工作:一是保障饮水安全,维护人民群众的生命健康;二是坚定不移地推进节水型社会建设;三是正确处理资源开发和生态保护关系,担负起水利建设和生态保护的重任。     

Risk management instruments for debt driven conservation efforts: The case of India's Project Tiger

Project Tiger has been India's premier case of conservation success. Since mid 1990s select Project Tiger Reserves in India were chosen for intensive funding by the Global Environment Facility, the International Development Agency (IDA) and the Government of India under the ‘India Eco-Development Project’. This project marked a modest shift towards debt based funding. The GEF Project has become a benchmark for tiger conservation in India both in terms of management outcomes and scale and scope of funding. However in the absence of large-scale budgetary support or self-generating income flows, it becomes difficult for the GEF type of project to be replicated in other tiger reserves of the country. Debt instruments hold promise as enablers of conservation finance. The paper proposes issue of ‘tiger bonds’ to meet the financial requirements of tiger reserves. Though attractive as a debt instrument, a ‘tiger bond’ could nevertheless entail interest rate and default risks.Bioprospecting activities form good revenue sources for tiger reserves to pay off their debts. However bioprospecting activities do not provide assured returns to tiger reserves. Pharmaceutical companies that prospect for genetic resources and practice ‘real options’ approach to R&D investment planning, adopt multi-phased investment systems and sequential searches that gives them the flexibility to abandon R&D projects. From the point of view of genetic resource providing entities like Project Tiger Reserves, the ‘postponement value’ generated by real options, enables a drug company to tap substitutes for the genetic resources that form the subject matter of bioprospecting contracts. To obviate possible repayment risks by tiger reserves, the paper advocates the institution of ‘put bonds’ as a risk management tool for Project Tiger Reserves in order to hedge themselves against loan defaults arising from possible loss in bioprospecting income. The paper also brings out the mechanics of the issue of tiger bonds in the Indian context. It is argued that a put bond not only hedges default risks but would also aid ‘value discovery’ and payment for ecosystem services as far as the Project Tiger Reserves of India are concerned.     

大力发展节能省地型住宅：我国房地产业可持续发展的必然选择

房地产业是国民经济的基础产业、支柱产业。我国房地产业在快速发展中出现了房价飞速上涨、土地闲置浪费、资源消耗强度大、科技创新低、生态环境破坏等诸多问题。为此,我国房地产业要实现稳定、健康发展,亟需引入可持续发展理念,并在实践中大力发展节能省地型住宅,采取一些行之有效、切实可行的政策措施,这是我国房地产业的必然选择。     

现代服务业发展的模块论及对我国的启示

进入21世纪以来,资源与环境问题日益困扰着全球经济的发展。在资源和环境的硬约束条件下,发展服务经济是摆脱资源和环境问题的有效途径。就我国而言,同样面临着资源短缺和环境恶化的严峻挑战。发展服务业,特别是现代服务业是我国经济发展的必然选择。国际经验表明,运用模块将极大地促进现代服务业的发展。基于此,本文对现代服务业发展的模块论进行了研究,并在我国现代服务业现状和发展目标分析的基础上,提出以多重模块加快发展我国现代服务业的建议。     

新时期我国民营企业职业生涯管理的意义与特点分析

从职业生涯管理的内涵出发,分析我国民营企业职业生涯管理研究与实践的现状,讨论新时期我国民营企业的职业生涯管理研究的重要意义,包括:是落实科学发展观的要求;是民营企业发展现状的要求;是民营企业人力资源及管理独特性的要求;促进我国民营企业人力资源管理体系完善等。进而从企业性质、所处成长阶段、人力资源特征三个方面分析新时期我国民营企业的职业生涯管理的不同特点并提出相应的建议。