基于双边市场框架的软件产业若干问题研究

本文应用双边市场框架,选取市场中应用软件的均衡种类为落脚点,指出相比社会最优,商业专用操作系统厂商吸引了过少的应用开发商;而开放源操作系统同样无法达到社会最优,相比商业专用情形,不一定总能改善市场中提供的应用软件种类,而是取决于应用软件市场特征;同时,研究还揭示了,操作系统应用程序接口的设计是平台厂商降低应用软件开发成本、协调双边市场需求的有效手段;最后,探索性地阐明了一体化关键性应用软件生产是平台厂商营建商业生态系统的有效途径。     

电子商务发展的博弈模型的应用分析

本文针对国内电子商务市场按照参与主体划分的BtoB模式在发展中遇到的问题,应用最优反应动态博弈模型,描述了中国电子商务市场这种模型的特征,分析了在模型中,经营电子商务的网站和厂商及他们与传统商业形态厂商和消费者之间在博弈中的行为选择,揭示了中国电子商务发展中的阻碍因素和不利条件,为今后中国电子商务的发展提出了有益的启示和思考。     

基于合作研发与推广的运营商与终端厂商的双边激励研究

终端定制是运营商与终端厂商之间的创新合作模式,是未来3G产业发展的主流趋势之一,合作定制的成功取决于双方共同投入的努力,存在双边道德风险问题。基于合作研发与推广的终端定制模式,在双边道德风险条件下,设计了运营商与终端厂商的双边激励模型,探讨了各自期望效用最大化条件下终端厂商的分成比例的最优决策,得出分成比例的动态影响因素及其变化区间。     

完全竞争能实现社会福利最大化吗?——基于串谋情形下的厂商数目与生产成本视角

在单个厂商的生产成本是整个产业中厂商数目的递增函数假设前提下,本文构建了串谋下的社会福利模型,对厂商之间存在一定程度串谋时社会最优厂商数目以及最优生产集团数目进行了分析,结果表明:与传统的看法相反,完全竞争市场均衡时厂商数目过多,导致社会福利下降;当不同生产集团之间不存在串谋或串谋程度低于他们属于同一个生产集团时的程度时,生产集团的数目不是越多越好,也不是越少越好,而是存在一个介于1和行业中厂商总数目之间的值,这样才能使社会福利最大。因此,政府应对市场进行干预以控制厂商数目,但须把握干预程度。     

双边市场中平台企业的运作机制研究评述

双边市场以各种新经济产业形式积极影响着商业舞台,双边市场的管理方"平台企业"与传统产业下的企业运作机制存在较大差异。本文以双边市场的重要性和发展为出发点,解释了双边市场产业与传统市场产业在客户间交叉网络效应、倾斜性定价和多产品策略方面的差异,介绍了客户营销管理、竞争策略、市场监管者的管制等运作机制的研究进展,从客户、竞争对手、所有者、投资者和监管者及研究方法等方面提出未来的研究重点和领域。     

双边市场、不完全信息与二级价格歧视

本文研究了双边市场二级价格歧视问题。本文构建了包括广告商、消费者、垄断平台在内的两阶段博弈模型，研究了在最优与次优情况下平台的定价机制，分析了二级价格歧视对平台利润、社会福利等的影响。研究表明：（1）“顶部无扭曲”或“底部无扭曲”并不严格成立；（2）平台对观众提供的节目质量、广告插播量均可能出现类型逆转的情况；（3）二级价格歧视会增加社会总福利；（4）“会员制”是平台可能的占优定价机制之一。     

纵向压榨抑或市场治理——基于通道费规制失效的分析

大型零售商在信息技术和组织创新的共同作用下,已经演化为双边市场中的平台型企业.本文将双边市场的分析框架引入通道费问题的研究,由此发现通道费是零售商平衡双边用户需求、内部化用户间网络外部性的市场治理方式,其制定和协调是通过零售商之间的渠道竞争而实现的.<零售商供应商公平交易管理办法>是在最优价格已经形成时实施的过度规制,破坏了通道费自发调节机制,对通道费问题的解决不会有实质性意义.     

平台型产业反垄断规制的几个关键问题研究

近年来平台型产业已成为新经济时代最重要的产业组织形式,与此同时,在某些平台型产业领域中的规制改革也已展开。市场结构与垄断地位、滥用市场势力、掠夺性定价、垄断协议是双边平台型产业反垄断规制改革过程中亟需解决的几个关键性问题。对双边平台型产业的反垄断规制不能简单凭借传统单边市场规制标准来界定,而要从双边平台型产业本身的特点和竞争环境出发谨慎对待。在双边市场条件下,《反垄断法》应该做出相应的调整。     

银行的规模优势和市场分割性

本建立了一个简单的模型，通过对大银行和小银行任意一笔贷款最优款数额的求解，证明：存在规模优势的条件下，大银行和小银行由于最优贷款数额不同，面对的是相对分割的贷款供给市场：大银行的贷款优势在大额贷款市场，小银行的贷款优势在小额贷款市场。由此得出结论：在小额贷款需求，即中小企业存在的经济中，中小银行是一个健全的银行体系不可缺少的部分；发展民间中小银行是完善银行体系，进而完善金融市场结构和功能的必要途径。     

双边平台形成机制初探——以ICT行业为例

双边平台的形成机制目前研究还不是很多,作为一种新经济下普遍存在的一种产业组织结构是如何从传统的组织结构演变过来的是很有意义的,本文通过对ICT行业操作系统平台和移动增值业务平台的案例分析认为双边平台的出现与产业价值链的模块化导致产业链演化为价值网,中心模块逐渐演化成为网络中的基础设施平台从而得出了"价值链-模块化价值网-系统平台"的演进过程,并且对于这种过程给予了经济学理论的解释和分析。     

Competition and open source with perfect software compatibility

In this paper we study duopolistic competition between closed and open source software. Inspired by recent contributions on open source, we propose a two-stage game with perfect information and product differentiation, in which producers first set software quality and then determine prices (the price is zero for open source programs). We assume perfect software compatibility and model lock-in effects, a network externality component of software quality, and accumulation of experience in software use and implementation. In comparison to the monopolistic benchmark case, we argue that, in a duopoly created by the emergence of an open source program, the proprietary software producer will reduce its selling price if: (i) its network of users is larger than the open source network and its consumers are largely familiar with its program, (ii) it has a small network of unskilled consumers. On the other hand, the price of proprietary software will increase if its users form a large, but poorly-skilled network. Furthermore, we show that, in all of the above cases, the hedonic quality of proprietary software increases. Finally, by modeling experience accumulation processes through difference equations, we show that the ratio between the closed and open source programs’ opportunity costs for software learning and deployment plays a crucial role in shaping market outcomes. If open source software remains too complex and technical for unskilled or time-pressed users, a shared market solution, in which both programs are adopted, is likely to emerge. However, if opportunity costs in learning and understanding open source programs are particularly low, or at least equal to the opportunity costs of a closed-source program, then open source dominance emerges (i.e. markets tip to open source).     

Collaboration, peer review and open source software

Open source software development may be superior to proprietary development because the open source organizational form naturally minimizes transactions costs associated with privately distributed information. This manifests itself in the ability of open source communities to encourage critical peer review and the sharing of ideas. When these activities are important, the open source organizational form may do better than a proprietary organizational form. My results suggest why open source is particularly powerful when maintainability of software is critical, and also suggest that the founder of a software project may be more likely to choose open source if there is an existing dominant proprietary software project.     

Dynamics of technology sharing cartels and industrial structure under a rule of thumb

We analyse the market effects of different degrees of knowledge transfer in a duopoly in which firms act following a rule of thumb. Three regimes are compared: the technology sharing cartels, the duopoly with spillovers, and the proprietary regime. We show the industrial structure evolution of these three regimes under different cost configurations when firms behave myopically, revising their production plan in each period according to the marginal profit previously gained. The analysis is conducted in a discrete setting using numerical simulations of finite difference systems. We show under which conditions knowledge transfer is beneficial to the system and can prevent market monopolisation.     

Cash-on-hand and demand for credit

Subprime consumers often use small-dollar credit products, such as payday loans, to meet short-term financial needs over pay cycles. However, relatively little is known about the income sensitivity of demand for credit in this market. This paper provides a causal estimate of the effect of tax rebates on the demand for small-dollar credit, using a unique proprietary loan-level dataset. Identification relies on variation in state Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) generosity for areas within the same commuting zones that span state borders. The results show that a $100 increase in EITC benefits leads to an 8.3% reduction in the number of loan applications and a 6.6% reduction in the number of borrowers. This could translate into sizable reductions in loan volume and savings in financial charges. More broadly, the results suggest that public programs with income benefits could help recipients with consumption smoothing in the presence of credit market frictions.     

逆向外包能提升中国半导体产业创新效率吗

逆向外包作为发展中国家嵌入全球价值链高端的一种新兴战略行为正逐渐兴起。以2012—2016年发生逆向外包行为的中国半导体上市公司为研究对象，构建涵盖创新产出、创新投入和影响因素的创新效率评价指标体系，采用超越对数随机前沿模型分析逆向外包对中国半导体产业创新效率的影响强度与方向。研究发现，逆向外包行为可显著增加半导体企业专利申请授权量，而对其营业收入和净利润则产生抑制作用，这两种实证结果综合印证了中国半导体产业逆向外包战略驱动论假说；逆向外包对半导体企业营业收入和净利润的负面影响主要来自于并购海外相关公司，表明逆向并购具有高经营风险和高研发创新效率的双重现实特征；创新效率影响因素中，员工学历占比、技术学习能力和产业链完善性对专利申请授权量具有正向影响，而全球市场份额和政策支持力度虽促进企业盈利增长，但对专利申请授权量具有负向影响。     

Standardization Process of Systems Technologies: Creating a Balance between Competition and Cooperation

Many firms are experimenting with how to standardize new technologies. They may use proprietary technologies for their products and services, and let them compete in the market selection. Alternatively, they can cooperate to jointly set a standard and experiment with combinations of market process and cooperation. If firms let the market decide, they can compete with technologies and need not invest time and effort in hammering out a standard. If they do incur the costs of negotiated standardization, they may enable end users to realize the benefits of standards. A hybrid standardization process combines the advantages of both market selection and negotiated decision making. This paper presents a contingency framework to identify conditions that will affect the preferred standardization process for vendors who introduce new technologies. A major contingency that this paper points to is the systemic nature of technologies in information and communication technology industries. The more systemic the technology is (in a way to be clarified), the less likely that firms will establish a hybrid standardization process. One advantage of decomposing technology systems in smaller components (modules) is that this approach enables firms to combine market selection with negotiated selection of standards.     

Bioenergy Innovations: The Case of Wood Pellet Systems in Sweden

In the context of global warming and strong dependence on fossil fuels, modern wood pellet heating systems for space heating of detached houses have emerged as a new technological option in many parts of the world. In Sweden, in recent years, such systems have advantages over oil-fired and electric boiler systems in terms of the expected total lifecycle heating costs to consumers. However, market diffusion of this technology has hitherto been rather slow. By combining an extended configuration cycle model with a dynamic multi-level perspective on system innovation, we study the factors involved in the diffusion of such systems in Sweden. The results indicate that energy policy, abundance of raw material and a wide dissemination of district heating systems have fostered the emergence and growth of the Swedish pellet market. However, other factors, such as a lack of co-ordination between the pellet and equipment suppliers in the early phase of market development, annual operating cost, lack of information, dissatisfaction among earlier adopters and technology lock-in might have contributed to the relatively slow growth of the market for small-scale systems.     

Profit strategy of Greek banks: cross-subsidization and diversification versus complementarity

This study analyses the profit strategy employed by banks in Greece using dynamic panel data techniques and a data set which includes proprietary supervisory data covering the whole Greek commercial banking system from 2004 to 2011. We provide evidence that banks use interest- and non-interest income (non-II) as substitutes rather than complements, with non-II representing an indirect competition instrument by the more efficient banks used in place of direct competition with their peers through prices on loans and deposits. This behaviour is explained by further decomposing the non-II into the relatively stable fees component and the volatile trading income. Moreover, we provide evidence that the net-interest income is primarily affected by the banks’ market power and their operating costs, while more efficient banks exploit their core deposit base to lever their non-II. Finally, macroeconomic developments affect both income components, which are found to be procyclical with respect to economic activity. In particular, the two income components are affected differently from inflation implying that non-II provides a natural hedge against adverse effects from deflation on interest income.     

Welfare and growth impacts of innovation policies in a small, open economy; an applied general equilibrium analysis

We explore how innovation incentives in a small, open economy should be designed in order to achieve the highest welfare and growth. The computable general equilibrium model we develop for the purpose allows for research and development (R&D)-driven endogenous technological change embodied in varieties of capital. We study policy alternatives targeted towards R&D, capital varieties formation, and domestic investments in capital varieties. Subsidising domestic investments, thereby excluding stimuli to world market deliveries, generates less R&D, capital formation, economic growth, and welfare than do the other alternatives, reflecting that the domestic market for capital varieties is limited. In spite of breeding stronger economic growth, a higher number of patents, and a higher share of R&D in total production, direct R&D support generates slightly less welfare than subsidising formation of capital varieties. The costs in terms of welfare relates to a lower production within each variety firm, which in presence of mark-up pricing results in efficiency losses.     

中国工业产业结构与企业技术研发行为的实证分析

产业结构升级一直是我国经济学界所关心的一个问题，工业产业的升级更是一个众所关注的焦点。本文在前人研究的基础上，利用中国工业产业数据，采用了经典的SCP范式模型．对熊彼特的两个经典假说进行了验证。发现竞争与企业利润同时对企业研发具有促进作用．熊彼特两个相互矛盾的结论同时得到了支持。通过对应分析，我们对中国工业内产业不同特点和企业不同特点进行了归类，提出国有企业在不同行业的产值比重是导致了这两个看似矛盾的结论同时并存的原因。