国家统筹补充耕地机制研究

<正>城镇化和工业化的快速推进对我国耕地数量、质量、生态的安全体系带来了巨大的挑战。在新型城镇化发展和产业转型背景下,2015年印发的《生态文明体制改革总体方案》明确提出,完善资源总量管理和全面节约制度,对耕地占补平衡政策进行了总体布局,实施建设用地总量控制和减量化管理,建立节约集约用地激励和约束机制。2017年,《中共中央国务院关于加强耕地保护和改进占补平衡的意见》进一步提出,探索国家统     

耕地总量动态平衡政策存在问题及改革建议

分析了耕地总量动态平衡政策运行中存在着区域差异性、政策环境适应性、政府博弈行为以及政策运行的经济可行性等问题,提出①依据区域比较优势原则和变化了的政策环境,实施有区域差异的弹性的耕地总量动态平衡政策;②规范政府行为,减少政策运行中的博弈行为;③重建适应政策实施的农地产权制度;④建立建设项目耕地占用指标有偿转让制度,完善土地收益分配机制,提升耕地占用成本;⑤加强政策实施的经济可行性分析和建立生态环境影响评价制度;⑥改革土地复垦制度,推进农地储备.     

县级土地利用总体规划修编的若干思考--以招远市为例

针对县级土地利用总体规划的性质和编制的指导思想,认为招远市上一轮总体规划的实施对建设用地指标管理不完善,不注重耕地质量上的平衡,与城镇总体规划在用地上的衔接力度不够,土地利用分区不尽合理,用途控制难于实现;提出新一轮土地利用总体规划修编要完善建设用地指标管理,确保耕地总量稳中有升,要合理分解规划控制指标,注重与城镇规划的衔接,明确土地用途分区。     

美国经验借鉴视角下我国城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策探讨

我国城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策一定程度上缓解了城镇建设用地增加和农村耕地减少的矛盾,但由于处于探索阶段,政策实施过程中遇到了不少问题。而美国实施多年土地发展权制度与我国城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策有着很大相似性,其本质都是土地发展权的交易,而且在全美范围成功实施多年,因此该制度对我国城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策的完善有着重要启发。     

土地利用年度计划管理办法

第一条为加强土地管理,实施土地利用总体规划,控制建设用地总量,引导集约用地,切实保护耕地,保证社会经济的可持续发展,根据《中华人民共和国土地管理法》和《中华人民共和国土地管理法实施条例》,制定本办法。第二条土地利用年度计划的编制、报批、执行和监督,适...     

新一轮土地利用总体规划实施面临的问题与对策

在分析我国前两轮土地利用总体规划实施管理过程中存在问题的基础上,指出新一轮土地利用总体规划实施管理面临的主要问题是:耕地保护任务艰巨;建设用地供应量不足;土地利用与环境保护之间的矛盾仍难得到根本解决;与相关规划难以充分衔接;规划调整与修改不可避免等。提出新一轮土地利用总体规划实施管理对策;建立规划实施管理动态监测机制;建立部门联合决策的土地利用决策机制;完善规划实施管理的法律法规;逐步推进公众参与;加强规划调整与修改的制度建设。     

构建建设用地配额交易制度研究——基于区域经济均衡发展视角

构建有利于区域经济均衡发展的建设用地配额交易制度,其基本思路是:在满足土地总体规划要求的条件下,土地主管部门确定建设用地总量编制目标和合法的建设用地使用配额,将这些配额按照公平与效益的原则分配给各地,并允许这种配额像商品那样买入卖出,以此来控制建设用地的使用。建设用地配额交易制度是借鉴碳排放等配额交易理论和思想设计的,推广施行此项制度,可促进区域经济的平衡发展,保护耕地、合理配置资源、减少"因公违法"现象的发生。推广施行此制度,应严控出售土地配额地区所得资金的使用,严格监控购买土地配额地区的耕地占补平衡政策的落实情况,依靠高新技术,落实领导责任。     

耕地保护背景下破解建设用地瓶颈研究——基于湖北省土地三项试点的考察

土地是农业生产的基础,又是工业化、城镇化建设用地的稀缺资源,目前各地普遍存在建设用地瓶颈问题。本文以统筹城乡土地资源配置为视角,对湖北省城乡建设用地增减挂钩、低丘缓坡土地综合开发利用、工矿废弃地复垦利用三项土地管理创新试点进行实证分析,研究结果证实三项试点在实践中既能落实农业耕地保护制度,又能破解建设用地瓶颈。土地管理创新试点若作为优化城乡土地利用结构的正式制度运行,尚需进一步保障被征地农民的权益,完善相关政策设计。     

经济发达地区土地资源利用战略的几点思考

研究目的:提出经济发达地区土地资源利用战略的几点思考,为保障区域土地资源安全和经济社会持续、健康发展提供政策建议。研究方法:实证调研法。研究结果:(1)经济发达地区面临着世界范围的产业转型与转移的重大机遇,也面临着发展用地紧缺的挑战,应从产业选择着手,尽可能降低土地资源的高成本投入。同时,强化优化发展,寻求新的发展模式;(2)经济发达地区优质耕地剧减,加强对现有优质耕地的保护成为土地利用战略抉择的重要方向;(3)为保障土地生态安全,建议利用生态指标进行土地资源宏观调控,以此提高建设用地利用效率和控制区域建设用地总量;(4)改革土地管理的体制、机制以及财税制度,构建地方政府保护耕地、高效利用建设用地的长效机制。研究结论:优化产业结构、提高土地利用效率、加大优质耕地保护力度、促进土地生态建设、加快土地管理体制机制改革是未来经济发达地区土地资源利用的战略重点。     

关于强化土地管理机制的探讨

加强土地管理、切实保护耕地已受到党中央、国务院的高度重视，将其作为关系到社会主义现代化建设全局的大事来抓，要从体制、机制和法制上采取治本之策，扭转人口大量增加、耕地大量减少的失衡趋势；要修改《土地管理法｝），尽快实施土地供应总量控制、城乡建设用地区域管制、耕地用途管制；《中华人民共和国刑法｝）增设了土地犯罪条款，从1997年IO月1日起施行。我国正在采取世界上最严格的措施来管理土地和保护耕地。历史的经验值得注意。3O多年特别是近IO年的土地管理实践证明，要真正做到“切实保护耕地”，必须建立有效的土地管理…     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。