产权稳定性对农户农田基本建设投资行为的影响

研究目的:从产权稳定性的角度研究其对农户农田基本建设投资行为的影响。研究方法:基于全国8省地块层面的调查数据进行计量经济分析。研究结果:产权稳定性对农户农田基本建设投资行为有显著影响,产权稳定性越低,农户进行农田基本建设投资行为的可能性越小。Logit模型估计结果显示,与没有使用凭证的地块相比,农户在有使用凭证的地块上进行农田基本建设投资的概率将提高2.54个百分点;村级农地调整每增加1次,农户进行农田基本建设投资的概率将下降1.70个百分点。这是因为,地块缺少使用凭证和农地的频繁调整提高了农地政策变化的不可预期性,导致农地产权在法律和事实上变得不稳定,进而抑制农户对农田进行基本建设投资。研究结论:为提高农户农田进行基本建设投资的积极性,应确保农地确权政策落实,深化农地产权制度改革,提高农民产权主观认知,全面增强农地产权稳定性。     

农地确权、政策执行与农户产权安全感知 ——基于山东省农户调查

研究目的：以产权安全理论为指导,探究农地确权及相应的政策执行对农户产权安全感知的影响效应,以期提高新一轮农地确权政策绩效。研究方法：理论分析法、问卷调研法和Logit模型。研究结果：新一轮农地确权政策实施后农户新证书持有状态对农户产权安全感知无显著影响;确权实施或执行过程中是否公示、确权满意度对农户产权安全感知有显著影响;农户对相关农地产权政策的认知对农户产权安全感知具有显著影响。研究结论：建议在农地治理中加强农地确权颁证的规范管理,扩大政策信息的宣传力度,提高农民的农地政策认知水平,进而提升农户的农地产权安全感知,达到激励农户的生产经营行为的政策目的。     

我国农村土地产权制度的变迁分析及发展方向探究——基于马克思土地产权理论

从马克思土地产权变迁理论角度分析了我国农村土地产权制度的历史变迁,并且对马克思土地产权权能理论、土地产权结合与分离理论、土地产权配置市场化理论和地租理论在我国当前农村土地产权改革中的指导作用进行了分析和论述。研究表明我国农地产权制度改革方向应以马克思土地产权理论为指导,在坚持农地集体所有权制度安排下,克服农地产权制度的现有缺陷,推进农地产权制度创新。     

农地确权、农地抵押与农户信贷可得性——来自农村改革试验区准实验的研究

理论而言,精确记录且可转让的土地产权能够增加正规信贷供给。然而,理论预期的农地确权对信贷供给的正效应在国别研究中并不具备普遍性。本文利用江苏省9市18县(市、区)786户两期面板数据,结合农村改革试验区的设置和不同县(市、区)之间农地产权制度改革进程的差异,采用双重差分法、三重差分法实证分析农地产权制度改革对农户正规信贷获得的影响。结果显示,现阶段仅单方面推进农地确权或允许农地抵押并不能改善农户正规信贷获得,农地产权制度改革正的信贷获得效应的产生依赖于农地确权和农地抵押这两个前提条件同时得到满足。另外,信贷获得效应的大小还受到农地经营规模的影响,存在规模偏好特征。     

中国农地产权制度改革40年——变迁分析及其启示

改革四十年来,中国政府在坚持农业家庭经营为主的制度框架下,不断变革农地产权制度,农地产权制度历经农地集体所有权与农地承包经营权"两权分离"到新时代农村土地集体所有权、农户承包权、土地经营权"三权分置"的历史变迁。农地产权制度变迁的过程是农地产权制度与制度环境不断耦合的过程,它以不断提升农地产权明晰程度且农民获得越来越充分的土地权利为导向、在制度边际上沿着既定路径持续进行着农地产权制度创新,并实现了农民与政府之间的良性互动。未来农地产权制度应当按照"落实土地集体所有权、稳定农户承包权、放活土地经营权"的要求,适时顺应制度环境的变化在制度边际上进行调适,进一步明晰农地产权并赋予农民更多更充分的土地权利,努力达成农民和政府之间的一致同意。     

中国农地制度演变及其产权结构：1978-2012

本文从所有权、使用权、收益权和处置权四种权属出发,回顾农村改革以来中国农地制度演变,分析农地产权结构。结果表明：农村改革以来,中国农地所有权归属逐渐由国家向集体转变,形成了集体所有家庭经营的产权结构。在家庭联产承包责任制下,农地所有权以集体发包和农户承包的方式派生出农地使用权,农地使用权再进一步派生出农地收益权和处置权,农民土地权属认知模糊和农地产权残缺。     

集体成员权视角下的农地产权构造

以农户在农村集体经济组织中的“成员权”的法律构造为视角是研究中国农地产权制度改革的一个重要切入点.成员权的法律构造与农地产权具有内在关联,在“统分结合”的双重经营体制之下,应厘清集体与农户作为不同层次的农地产权主体各自的权利边界.以农户的成员权及其法律保障的系统化、明晰化为基础,集体农地产权层次、土地流转模式与土地收益的分配结构都能在现实条件下得以优化.     

农地产权制度改革对农村金融市场的影响——机制与微观证据

新一轮农地产权制度改革的核心政策包括农地承包经营权确权、登记和颁证以及赋予承包经营权抵押担保权能。本文构建了农地产权制度改革影响农村金融市场的理论分析框架,使用农地产权制度改革试点地区和非试最地区707户样本农户的数据,实证检验了农地产权制度改革对农村金融市场的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,农地抵押的信贷供给效应初步显现,并且,金融机构的农地抵押贷款供给具有规模偏好特征。农地确权和农地流转显著提高了农户的名义信贷需求,但由于受到现阶段农地抵押法律的限制和金融机构的信贷配给,43.24%具有名义信贷需求的农户依然无法有效表达其信贷需求,仅能将名义信贷需求转化为潜在信贷需求。修订限制农地抵押权的法律和完善农地抵押制度,将有助于改善这部分具有潜在信贷需求农户的信贷条件。     

农村土地产权制度创新

农村土地资源是农业的基本要素,农地产权制度是构建在农地上的产权结构和产权关系.文章首先对影响我国农地产权制度创新的四个因素进行了分析,然后指出我国农地产权制度中农地产权供给不足、农地承包制度供给不足、农地经营制度供给不足、土地使用权流转不完善四个现存与我国农地产权制度中较为重要的缺陷.最后,对我国农地产权制度创新提出了思路.     

中国农地产权是有意的制度模糊吗?

为逻辑一致地剖析"有意模糊的农地产权制度安排"这一推论,本文首先根据产权理论将农地产权定义为农地控制权,模糊的农地产权相应地指农地控制权实际归属上的模糊;然后,根据Williamson的四层次分析框架,本文构建了一个关于中国农地产权制度安排的规范性分析框架。在这一分析框架中,模糊农地产权是农民与政府这两个农地产权主体在基础性制度和农地资源配置效率的共同作用下进行制度设计的产物,是农民与政府通过制度设计有意将农地控制权的归属隐藏在模棱两可的迷雾之中。在基础性制度尚不完善的现实约束条件下,有意模糊的农地产权是具有相对优势的制度安排。作为推进农地产权改革的先决条件,基础性制度建设的重要性在此得到凸显。     

Three rights separation: China’s proposed rural land rights reform and four types of local trials

China’s central government is promoting a new round of land reform in its rural areas, the core of which is the so-called ‘three rights separation system’. In attempting to achieve the double goals of developing agriculture and maintaining the basic stability of rural society, central policy makers want to separate the original household right of contractual operation into a contractual right (right of disposal) and an operation right. When formally adopted, these two rights, combined with the village collective ownership, will constitute China’s new structure of farmland rights. Many local governments are already using practical approaches involving the separation of the three rights, providing a valuable reference for its formalization in the future.In this paper, we analyze four relevant existing approaches by case studies of four representative projects. The results show that, while all four have in different ways reached the goal of increased scale of farmland operations, all are facing different contradictions and conflicts among the collectives, local governments and farmers, due to different farmland interests, demands and endowment problems. In response, a new framework is developed involving three rights separation, entailing some new meanings. This involves the repositioning of the four leading players in the distribution of farmland rights − the state, collective, part-time farmers and professional farmers − in order to realize the free transfer, monetization and redistribution of farmland rights to meet the demands of all the parties involved. With this framework, collective ownership is limited to the management of the award and recovery of the contractual right instead of specific agricultural operations. The introduction of a contractual right exit mechanism encourages the contractual right to be sold back to the collective for awarding directly to the professional farmers. In this way, the transfer of the operation right to professional farmers is encouraged as far as possible to enable them to increase their operating area and agricultural income.     

完善农用地产权体系的有效途径

农用地产权体系的构建是土地法律制度的核心内容,是解决"三农"问题的关键,是保障农民权利的核心因素。土地的归属关系、利用关系和流转关系是农用地产权体系的三个框架和支柱,科学合理地处理好以上关系是保护农用地权利的有效途径,应明确集体土地所有权主体,确保土地承包经营权的物权性质。     

农地依赖性、农地处置方式与市民化意愿的内在关系研究——基于川鄂苏黑四省调研数据

研究目的:深入挖掘农地依赖性、农地处置方式与农村转移劳动力市民化意愿之间的内在关系,以期为农村转移劳动力自由选择市民化提供理论支持。研究方法:结构方程模型。研究结果:农地资源禀赋、农地功能认知、农地产权安全性、农地产权认知及农地流转服务均通过影响农地处置方式间接对农村转移劳动力市民化的决策产生影响,其中农地产权安全性还会直接影响农村转移劳动力市民化的决策;农村转移劳动力市民化过程中更倾向于以农地转出方式处置农地,农地产权认知是影响农村转移劳动力市民化意愿的最重要因素。研究结论:为缓解农地对农村转移劳动力市民化的束缚,政府须加速推进农地"三权分置"政策实施,健全农地流转市场及其配套制度体系,构建有效的农地退出机制并设置农户农地退出门槛。     

土地经营权抵押响应对农户土地转出行为的影响——来自宁夏回族自治区农地产权抵押试点区的证据

本文基于宁夏农地产权抵押贷款试点区777户农户调研数据,剖析土地经营权抵押响应对农户土地转出行为的影响。研究结果表明,土地经营权抵押响应越频繁,越显著抑制农户土地转出,农户每多参与一次土地经营权抵押贷款,其土地转出概率就会降低12.10%。进一步研究发现,土地经营权抵押响应对户主年龄在46岁以下、受教育程度9年以上、无非农技能的农户土地转出行为有显著负面影响。因此,政府在推动土地经营权抵押贷款,提升农村金融发展水平的同时,要注意土地经营权抵押响应可能会加深部分农户对土地社会保障功能的依赖性,进而影响农村土地规模化经营进程。     

“三权分置”下农业经营的实践形态与农地制度创新

"三权分置"是农地制度改革的重要成果,为提升农业经营效益提供了制度保障。农业经营的实践形态显示,土地经营权的设立并未提升资本化耕种的农业经营收益,也难以提升村集体范围内农地产权正式转移的水平。农业经营体制在"统"的层面缺乏可操作性的产权制度方案,阻碍了农地产权设置在"分"的层面发挥出高效的制度效能。切实回应农地利用中实际耕者的地权诉求,解决农地细碎化、村集体内土地经营权流转价格过高、土地经营权配置不充分、土地经营权流转后的社会纠纷等问题,需要围绕农地高效利用,在"三权分置"下充分发挥集体土地所有权的管理权能,以集体土地所有权统合土地承包经营权和土地经营权。     

LADM-based profile for farmland Tripartite Entitlement System in China

Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has undergone a promotion of industrialisation, urbanisation and agricultural modernisation. This promotion has triggered the mass migration of rural labour forces into cities, leading to the virtual situation of the separation of farmland contract and operation rights. To respond to this issue, the central government proposed a strategy of farmland reform in China. Such reform aims to transform the former ‘Bipartite Entitlement System’ into a ‘Tripartite Entitlement System (TES)’.¹ Land registration provides the means for recognising formalised property rights and regulating the characteristics and transfer of land-related rights. As for farmland registration in China, it serves as a basis to explore effective forms of collective farmland ownership by implementing collective farmland ownership, stabilising farmers’ contract rights and liberalising farmland operation rights. Thus, in this study, on the basis of the farmland tripartite entitlement (hereinafter referred to as ‘FTE’) reform in China, we develop a Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)-based TES model that will serve as the basis of subsequent system development. Specifically, first, we summarise the evolution process of China’s farmland rights system since the foundation of new China. Second, we propose a farmland rights system after the FTE reform. Then, the corresponding TES model is developed based on the LADM standard and some instance-level diagrams for farmland administration activities. The new functionality of the model includes improved structuring of farmland rights and restrictions (and related source documents) and improved expansion of the land information infrastructure to rural areas.     

棉区农户过量施肥风险认知的影响因素分析——基于新疆446个棉农的问卷调查

化肥过量施用在提高棉花产量的同时也带来了严重的农业环境污染问题,并威胁到棉花产业的可持续发展。文章利用新疆重点植棉区的446农户实地问卷调查所得数据,对农户过量施肥风险认知进行评价,并采用二元logit模型,对植棉农户减少化肥施用量的影响因素进行实证分析。分析结果显示,主要影响因素中的户主年龄、植棉经验、土地质量、土地产权、接受科学施肥技术培训、棉花收入的满意度、棉花收入在总收入中的比例等因素对农户减量施肥有显著影响;农户认为科学施肥是否重要的认知因素和农户家庭人口对农户减量施肥没有显著影响。     

Rural land system reforms in China: History,issues, measures and prospects

Land system reform (LSR) helps to protect farmers' rights and interests and national food security. China is a country dominated by agriculture but insufficient arable land resources. The contradiction between man and land is prominent. To alleviate the man-land contradiction, the Chinese government has carried out a series of LSRs, especially in the past half century. Extensive and in-depth studies have been done on the process and stage characteristics of China's LSRs, but the systematic analysis on the necessity, problems and key measures to deepen the land system reform is still insufficient. Based on a systematic review of the history of the evolution of China's LSRs, this study firstly analyzed the key issues and new challenges existing in or arising from China's land system, then put forward the necessity of deepening the reform of land system, and discussed specific measures taken to deepen the reform of land system in China at present and finally pointed out the future LSR’s direction. The results show that China's rural LSR has gone through five stages in general since 1949. The key problems existing or arising from the current land system in China include unclear subject of land property right, serious inefficient utilization of land resources, rapid farmland conversion and conflict between farmers’ interests and land system. The dual land system in urban and rural areas has severely restricted the integration of social and economic development in this country. The Chinese government is actively promoting the reforms of rural agricultural land, collective operating construction land and homestead to further remove the dual institutional barriers that hinder the establishment of an integrated land trading market. The vision is good, but there is still a long way to go for China's LSR. The direction of China's rural LSR is to make the property rights relationship clearer, the farmland rights more complete, the transfer transactions more market-oriented and the property rights’ protection more equal. Deepening the rural LSRs is helpful to improve the efficiency of land resource utilization, safeguard the rights and interests of farmers, promote the coordination of human-land relationship, and inject new vitality and momentum into rural revitalization. Cooperative promotion of land resource capitalization reform and household registration system reform is the key area of land system reform in China in the future.     

基于产权效应的耕地保护决策行为分析

目的 耕地保护是维护国家社会安全、生态安全和粮食安全的重要基石,探讨中国耕地保护决策的演进历程及产权路径,以期为新时代完善耕地保护制度提供理论支撑。方法 文章基于渐进决策理论,运用文献研究法与系统分析法识别耕地保护决策变迁模式并分析路径依赖特征。结果 农地产权的排他性与激励性逐渐强化,有限性相对减弱,为保护耕地营造了安全稳定的产权环境;中国耕地保护经历了体系形成、逐步完善、趋向成熟的阶段,遵循渐进决策模式,在平稳过渡中不断优化;耕地保护渐进决策深受产权阶段性变迁的影响,主要体现在制度环境、市场管理与农户行为路径。在制度上表现为冲突、迁移、协同的效应演变,在市场上表现为滞后、服务与激励的特征变化,农户行为则反映了群体效应、外部效应、预期效应的变化。结论 随着产权变迁,产权效应耦合变化推动耕地保护决策发展。未来应优化农地产权制度结构、健全农地市场的公共服务管理、合理实现耕地生态产品的价值,以促进耕地保护决策良性发展。     

构建我国农地产权"三权分离"模式——现行农地产权制度改革的设想

由于农村土地所有权、使用权等权利主体界定不清,农民没有稳定可靠的权利,农村土地难以流转,导致农地资源不能优化配置等诸多问题,制约了农村经济的发展.因此,对现行农村土地产权制度进行改革很有必要.因此,在现行农地产权制度模式弊端的基础上,构建一种全新的农地产权结构,即实现农地产权的所有权、使用权、发展权三权分离,给各权利主体稳定、可靠和灵活的权利,保障各方利益实现,促进农村经济发展.