农业推广项目的实施对中国粮食增产的作用

通过对粮食总产量增产因素的分析,指出近４０ 年主要是粮食单位面积产量的提高使得中国粮食总产量连上台阶。对粮食生产中各种物质投入贡献率进行了排序,其中化肥位居第一。利用多元回归模型根据小麦主产区１１ 个省市１２１ 个变量对小麦总产、单产与农业推广项目经费、良种覆盖率、播种面积、单位面积施纯氮量等因素的相关性进行分析,结果表明,推广经费、良种、化肥均与单产密切相关。加大农业技术推广的资金投入可以显著增加粮食产量。文中还提出加大投入、依法推广的建议。     

我国粮食生产的变化趋势及空间分异研究

［目的］探究我国粮食生产的空间布局演变，以期为新时期如何从整体上优化粮食生产布局、加快推进农业现代化的步伐提供理论参考。［方法］综合分析了1978—2018年我国粮食种植面积、总产量和单产水平的演变特征及三大主粮（玉米、稻谷和小麦）对全国粮食总产量的贡献变化趋势。基于省域尺度，对31个省（市、区）粮食种植面积、产量和单产的空间分异进行了探究，并采用全局Moran′s I指数和全局G系数分析了省域粮食单产量的相关关系。［结果］（1）1978—1985年我国粮食种植面积整体呈现递减的趋势，由于单产的大幅提升，总产量持续增长。1986—1999年种植面积相对波动较小，由于单产的不稳定导致总产量波动较大。2000—2003年随着种植面积的短暂降低，粮食产量也整体呈降低趋势，这个阶段单产水平也不稳定。2004—2017年由于单产和播种面积的共同作用，粮食产量基本呈现逐年递增的变化趋势。2018年相对2017年，粮食产量虽有所下降，但减幅不大，仍处于高产水平。玉米对产量的贡献超过水稻，成为我国第一大主粮。（2）我国粮食主产区主要集中在东部地区。2008—2018年各省（市、区）粮食种植面积呈现不同的变化趋势，其中北京、天津等10个（市、区）的种植面积降低幅度均在30%以上，其他地区或是面积扩大或是变化较小。相对种植面积，大部分省（市、区）的产量增加比例较大，尤其是主产区。（3）全国各地区粮食单产量呈现明显的递增趋势，粮食主产区较明显，空间布局变化较小。全国省域粮食单产量存在显著的正相关，空间溢出效应明显。［结论］在稳定粮食种植面积的基础上，提高单产水平，仍是新时期保障我国粮食安全的重要举措。     

湖北省粮食生产时空变化及灰色关联动态分析

以湖北省2001—2015年县域和省域粮食生产数据为基础,运用粮食产量重心模型揭示了湖北省粮食生产时空变化特征,在此基础上建立粮食生产与相关因素的灰色关联模型,并对驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明:2001—2015年湖北省粮食总产量和人均粮食产量动态变化趋势一致,总体上呈上升态势,2001—2003年快速下降,2003—2015年连续增长,粮食产量变化最直接的原因是粮食播种面积的变化。2001—2015年粮食产量重心一直在京山县境内移动,但整体上向北偏东52.31°方向移动了11.82km。粮食产量与7个因素显著相关,其中有效灌溉面积、粮食单位面积产量、粮食作物播种面积和农药使用量是湖北省粮食生产的四大驱动因素。     

土地整治对中国粮食产出稳定性的贡献

研究目的:研究土地整治对粮食产出稳定性的贡献,为制定合理高效的土地整治政策,促进粮食增产稳产提供依据。研究方法:采用H-P滤波法实证分析中国粮食产量的波动性及增长趋势,然后基于C-D生产函数,分别建立趋势产量和波动强度面板回归模型,分析土地整治对粮食产出稳定性的影响。研究结果:(1)粮食作物播种面积、农业机械总动力、农用化肥施用量均对粮食长期趋势产生不同程度促进作用;农业劳动力对主产区粮食长期趋势影响显著为负,对非主产区却有正向影响。(2)土地整治面积和单位面积投资额均降低了全国及主产区粮食产量的波动程度,土地整治规模在全国和主产区的影响系数分别为-1.4162和-2.2215;单位土地整治面积投资额在全国和主产区的影响系数分别为-0.7589和-1.3509。(3)土地整治新增耕地面积对全国和主产区的粮食产量波动强度影响为正,影响系数分别为0.8018和1.3931。可能是通过土地整治新增的耕地质量较低,产出不高,导致了粮食产量波动。土地整治投入在非主产区均表现为不显著。研究结论:应继续推进尤其是主产区的土地整治项目实施,加大土地整治投资强度,建立长期稳定的投入机制,合理使用整治资金,注重提高新增耕地质量和综合生产能力,同时将土地整治投入和管理机制与农业生产系统运行机制、自然因素等有效结合,并制定差别化区域政策,以保障粮食增产稳产和区域协调发展。     

适应粮食生产结构调整新形势加快粮食产业化经营

河南是全国粮食等农产品的主产区,总耕地面积1.03亿亩,总人口9555万,其中农业人口占80％以上。1998年以来,粮食总产量连续4年稳定在400亿公斤以上,其中小麦种植面积、总产量和商品率均居全国第1位,但在粮食生产进入新的阶段后,由于供求关系的变化,出现了阶段性和结构性     

湖北省粮食贡献率分析

湖北省是我国粮食生产的主产区之一。但近年来,湖北省粮食产量徘徊不前,2011年湖北省粮食总产量为477.5亿斤,仅占全国粮食总产量的4.17%。提高湖北省粮食贡献率有助于加强我国粮食安全,本文分析了影响湖北省粮食贡献率的因素,提出了提高湖北省粮食贡献率的具体对策。     

黑龙江垦区粮食产量影响因素灰关联分析

文章基于灰关联度理论对影响黑龙江垦区1990～2006年粮食总产量的10个因素进行主次因素影响分析,运用定量分析方法从本质上揭示了粮食单位面积产量及非国有经济是影响垦区粮食总产量的主要因素,为粮食生产决策部门有效提高垦区粮食产量提供一定理论依据。     

作物种植结构变化及影响粮食产量的因素分析  ———以甘肃省天水市为例

分析天水市近30年来作物种植结构的变化特征及粮食产量的变化,利用灰色关联度分析方法探讨了粮食生产的影响因素,定量分析了粮食产量与影响因素的关联程度。结果表明:天水市作物种植结构发生了明显的变化;粮食产量变化的总体特征为波动中呈上升趋势;粮食单产、总人口、水平梯田、耕地面积、粮食面积和保灌面积等是粮食生产的主要驱动因子。     

重庆市万州区土地利用变化与粮食生产态势浅析

探讨万州区1997-2003年土地利用变化,尤其是耕地资源变化影响下该区粮食生产情况;运用Mapgis6．5对万州区土地利用结构与布局变化进行分析,应用Dps3．01逐步回归分析模块对耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食单产对粮食生产的影响进行分析;非农建设占用及生态退耕是导致万州区耕地数量和质量变化的主要因素;耕地面积与粮食总产量有一定的相关性,粮食播种面积与粮食总产量的相关性较强,而粮食单产与粮食总产量之间的相关性很强;根据万州区实际情况提出应通过建立耕地保护区,提高土地利用率和土地生产效率来保证粮食安全。     

基于粗糙集方法的广东省粮食产量影响因素分析

粮食的生产一直受到我国政府的高度关注与重视。农业经济学界已有不少论文对于各省区,采用不同的统计分析方法,来分析粮食生产的主要影响因素,其中最常用的是主成分分析,此方法存在一定的局限性。为了能从大量的、不完全的数据中找到隐含的、有价值的信息,该文总结了广东省的粮食生产概况,选用数据挖掘中的粗糙集方法,以1996～2012年的统计年鉴中的数据为基础,选取了乡村劳动力、耕地面积、农业机械动力、灌溉面积、化肥用量等17项与广东省粮食产量相关的因素进行分析。研究结果表明,对于广东省粮食产量影响较大的因素有化肥用量、水库总容量以及人均经营耕地面积。从分析来看,近年来广东省粮食产量并未随着化肥用量和水库总容量的增大而增加,但人均经营耕地面积对于产量的增加有着正面影响。针对这些问题,给出了稳定粮食播种面积,改良耕地质量,加强农田水利建设,加大农业科技投入,转移农村富余劳动力的建议。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。     

天津地热资源可持续开发利用对策

天津有着十分丰富的地热资源,至2003年底,已有地热井235眼,年开采量2701万m3。但地热资源利用率最高为62.4%,地热尾水回灌率不到8%,基本是一种粗放的开发利用模式。文章从实现地热资源可持续开发利用角度出发,针对天津地区不同热储层的特征,提出适宜的利用方式,提高地热利用率。而且指出必须走回灌开发道路,增加回灌井,提高回灌率是实现地热资源可持续开发利用的重要保障。     

Projections of maize yield vulnerability to droughts and adaptation options in Uganda

Sub-Saharan Africa is likely going to experience more intense and frequent droughts with high parallel possibilities of ramifications on maize yields. While there is a lot of scholarship dwelling on the ramifications of droughts on maize yields at the level of Africa, little has been researched at lower scales. This study presents past (1960–2014) vulnerability of maize yields to droughts based on a previous study (Epule et al., 2017) and projects the future vulnerability of maize yields to droughts by calculating the sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of maize yields to droughts for the period 2015–2050. The results show that maize yields are more vulnerable in the north of Uganda for the period 1960–2014. However, adaptive capacity is higher in the south. Maize yields also record higher levels of sensitivity and exposure in the north with the latter patterns explained by variations in precipitation, temperature, rich volcanic soils, access to rivers and lakes. In terms of future vulnerability for the period 2015–2050, this study shows that the level of vulnerability of maize yields to droughts in Uganda will increase to levels higher than what currently obtains. For example, the vulnerability index will increase from 0.54 under the 1.5 °C to 0.70 under the 2.0 °C and to 1.54 under the 2.5 °C scenario. Sensitivity is also likely to increase while exposure and adaptive capacity are most likely to remain the same. Overall, it can be said that the future of maize production in Uganda under present and future circumstances remains very bleak without concrete actions. As a way forward, land use policy designers will have to integrate water management, agroforestry, climatic information diffusion, training and indigenous knowledge into land use planning decisions in the context of agriculture.     

The role of knowledge,attitudes and perceptions in the uptake of agricultural and agroforestry innovations among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the great potential of agricultural innovations, the uptake by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa seems to be slow. We reviewed existing theories and frameworks for the uptake of agricultural innovations and found that these tend to emphasize the role of extrinsic factors such as the characteristics of the adopter and the external environment in the decision-making process. In this paper, we argue that intrinsic factors such as the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of the potential adopter towards the innovation play a key role, but this has been less studied. We present an analytical framework that combines both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in farmers' decisions to adopt new agricultural technologies and apply the framework to agroforestry adoption as a case study. We review the literature on agroforestry adoption in sub-Saharan Africa and identify the extrinsic and intrinsic variables affecting the uptake of agroforestry technologies. We conclude that the uptake of agricultural technologies is a complex process influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic variables, and recommend that future studies aiming to understand the adoption process of agricultural innovations take into account both sets of variables. A mechanistic understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact and drive adoption can help in targeting technologies appropriately to ensure sustainability.     

CAP Subsidies and Productivity of the EU Farms

The paper investigates the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm total factor productivity (TFP) in the European Union (EU). We employ a structural semi‐parametric estimation algorithm directly incorporating the effect of subsidies into a model of unobserved productivity. We empirically study the effects using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) samples for the EU‐15 countries. Our main findings are clear: subsidies impact negatively on farm productivity in the period before the decoupling reform was implemented; after decoupling the effect of subsidies on productivity is more nuanced and in several countries it turned positive.     

Poverty Reduction Effects of Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Cassava Varieties in Nigeria

We use DNA‐fingerprinting to estimate the poverty reduction effect of adoption of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria. We estimate the counterfactual household income distribution of cassava producers by combining farm‐level treatment effects with a market‐level model. Our results suggest that adoption of improved cassava varieties has led to a 4.6 percentage point reduction in poverty, though this is sensitive to the measurement of adoption status. Therefore, accurate measurement of adoption is crucial for a more credible estimate of the poverty reduction effect of adoption. Our analysis also suggests that farmers who are more likely to be adopters are also likely to face higher structural costs. Addressing structural barriers that make improved technologies less profitable for the poor would therefore be important to increase the poverty reduction effect of improved cassava varieties.     

The retention ability of the agricultural landscape in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín nuclear power plant and its changes since the 19th century

Drainage and loss of wetland sites is a major problem of the agricultural landscape, as it reduces the landscape’s ability to retain water, nutrients, matter, and minimize erosion. With this in mind, the issue of the ability of wet sites to retain radionuclides and contaminated water in the case of a radiation accident was studied. In 2013, field research examined the occurrence of wetland retention sites in the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Temelín nuclear power plant (NPP; Czech Republic). As data sources, wetland biotopes (European network Natura 2000) were considered; in addition, retention features were field mapped, i.e. landscape elements of a wetland nature not normally considered nationally significant for conservation. Within the emergency zone, 2854.7 ha of wetland biotopes were registered and 318.9 ha retention features mapped. Density of retention sites (in ha/km²) per cadastre (local administrative units) was used to represent their spatial distribution within the zone. For an assessment of possible revitalization measures, leading to an increase in the landscape’s retention ability, spatial changes in the area of retention sites between 2013 and the mid-19th century, a period before extensive drainage of landscape occurred and a simplification of its structure, were mapped. Historic land maps (The Imperial Obligatory Imprints of the Stable Cadastre) were used as a basis of information on the occurrence and area of fens and wet meadows (4771.5 ha).For spatial comparisons of drained and undrained landscape in the past and present, the density of retention sites per cadastre was calculated. In the mid-19th century, 80% of cadastres had a density of retention sites exceeded 5 ha/km²; in 2013 only 40% of cadastres achieved this. In the most part, drained areas of the zone belong to the central part (around the power plant), as well as the EPZ’s eastern and south-eastern regions. From the density maps of retention sites, as well as from the stable cadastre imprints, it is possible to identify areas and retention features suitable for wetland restoration, thus leading to an increase in the retention capacity of the landscape in terms of water and radionuclide retention. Suggestions as to how to restore and turn retention features into semi-natural wetlands, as well as integrating small wetlands into an agriculture landscape are outlined.