农作物秸秆肥料化利用研究文献计量分析

[目的]对国内外的秸秆肥料化利用研究现状、研究热点和发展趋势进行整体分析，总结秸秆肥料化领域中存在的主要问题，为今后我国秸秆肥料化利用提供参考和建议。[方法]文章基于Web of Science核心合集数据库和中国科学引文数据库，采用Gephi软件对文献进行可视化计量分析，主要对1999—2019年国内外有关秸秆肥料化利用领域的国内外研究力量、研究热点以及研究趋势进行分析。[结果]（1）2006年以后外文文献呈快速增长趋势，而2016年以后中文文献进入基本稳定阶段。（2）外文文献发表数量最多的研究机构依次为中国科学院、美国农业部农业研究中心和加拿大农业与农业食品部；中文文献数量最多的研究机构依次是西北农林科技大学、南京农业大学和甘肃农业大学。（3）外文文献发表数量排名前三的期刊分别是Soil and Tillage Research、Soil Biology and Biochemistry、Agronomy Journal，其中Soil Biology and Biochemistry单篇平均被引频次最高（52.5次/篇）；中文文献发表数量排名前三的期刊分别为《农业工程学报》《农业环...     

中国土地整治研究热点与发展趋势——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

[目的]利用Cite Space可视化文献分析软件,对1985~2015年CNKI总库中文核心期刊和CSSCI中文社会科学引文数据库中土地整治研究的5 309篇文献进行可视化分析,得出当前土地整治研究热点、作者群以及主要研究机构的知识结构图谱。[方法]文章采用了文献计量可视化方法和对比分析法。[结果](1)自中国土地学会成立以来,中国土地整治研究主要围绕"土地整理"、"土地整治"、"国土资源"等展开;(2)国土资源部、西南大学、中国地质大学(北京)等是主要的研究机构;(3)《中国土地》是土地整治相关研究刊载论文数量最多的期刊,《中国土地科学》、《农业工程学报》以及《资源科学》是刊载土地整治研究论文重要的核心期刊。[结论]除了传统的土地整治视角下,建设用地减量化,城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目区设置,农村居民点用地整治潜力评价、布局和空间结构优化以及农户整治意愿影响因素、未利用土地开发适宜性评价、工矿区土地复垦等研究外,在新的国内形势影响下,资源经济效益评价以及绩效评价等也是重点的研究方向。     

基于文献计量方法的农业地理信息进展研究

本文采用文献计量和知识图谱可视化的方法,对SCI和SCIE中有关农业地理信息的论文进行定量统计和定性分析。自1991-2015年共有15127篇有关农业地理信息的文章发表。以"Agro-geoinformatics"为检索关键词,从文章发表数量、地理分布、国际之间合作以及关键词等方面进行统计分析,解释了农业地理信息在过去25年的发展特点和发展趋势。研究表明:(1)农业地理信息的相关研究一直呈增长的趋势,在近年来,增长更为显著。(2)研究贡献最多的机构是中国科学院,贡献最多的国家是美国。(3)关键词分析中以"遥感"、"GIS"、"精准农业"、"土壤湿度"等关键词近年来的迅速增长代表了农业地理信息的研究热点。     

中国耕地变化文献分析：数量特征、研究区域与文献来源

[目的]分析2002~2016年中国耕地变化研究文献的数量特征、研究区域与文献来源,明晰中国耕地变化研究在文献数量、研究区域与文献来源3个方面呈现明显特征的原因。[方法]文章采用了文献分析法、分类统计法和比较分析法。[结果](1)耕地变化的研究内容、领域和方法逐渐趋于多元化,对耕地变化的驱动机制进行分析逐渐成为研究热点。(2)耕地变化的研究热度在全国第二次土地调查前后达到最高峰,研究热点区域多集中在生态脆弱区、耕地面积变化速率较快或中东部经济发达区,研究尺度多为省内行政区。(3)耕地变化文献刊载期刊种类繁多,多数与农业科技相关,以高等院校及研究院为研究主体的耕地变化相关核心研究体系已初步形成。[结论]一是耕地变化的研究领域与内容日益丰富,较完善的研究体系初步建成;二是耕地变化相关研究多以数量为主,质量考虑较少,研究尺度和研究区域具有局限性仍亟待完善。     

全球保护地管理研究现状与趋势——基于文献计量分析

建立保护地是生物多样性保护的重要途径,保护地管理也成为全球生态和环境研究领域的焦点。文章基于"Web of Science核心合集"数据库,检索得到1990-2020年间与保护地管理相关论文1083篇并进行可视化分析,主要内容有文献基本特征、研究能力、知识基础与研究热点等。结果表明:(1)保护地管理领域的论文数量和被引频次呈上升趋势,保护地管理具有重要的研究价值。环境科学与生态学是该领域研究的主流学科,《海洋与海岸管理》是发文量最高的期刊,《生物保护》是最具影响力的期刊;(2)不同国家或机构在保护地管理领域的研究实力有所差异,美国发表的论文数量最多且具有较高学术水平,其研究强度和学术影响力也有较大优势,澳大利亚昆士兰大学是该领域的重点研究机构;最知名的作者Hockings也来自澳大利亚;(3)在保护地管理领域,具有高被引频次和高中介中心性的10篇论文发挥了关键的演变和推动作用,对后续研究产生了深刻影响;(4)关键词聚类分析表明,保护地管理领域热点问题主要围绕共同管理、生物多样性保护、种群、森林、海洋保护等方面展开;(5)关键词爆发分析表明,保护地管理领域的前沿问题主要有生态系统服务功能、保护地治理机制及效果、共同管理影响评估、保护绩效指标构建与评价和保护地管理挑战探究等。最后,探讨了全球保护地管理研究对于中国的参考与借鉴。     

国际食物消费可持续性研究进展

[目的]通过国际食物消费可持续性研究领域动态分析,为食物和可持续发展领域研究方向与趋势提供知识基础与借鉴。[方法]文章基于文献计量研究方法,通过趋势分析、合作网络、共被引和关键词共现等分析,对1986—2019年国际食物消费可持续性相关研究进行了总结。[结果]（1）近30多年来食物消费可持续性研究不断发展,尤其是近10年来,呈现快速发展趋势;研究主要集中在环境、食物、营养、农业和生态领域。（2）食物消费可持续性研究最多产的作者和机构位于美国和欧洲国家,中国是亚洲的一个重要节点,但研究总体仍有待进一步加强;联合国粮农组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO）为食物消费领域与其他众多领域的研究构建了重要的桥梁;发表在Science和Nature期刊的相关研究成果是食物消费可持续性研究领域的重要基础。（3）食物消费可持续性研究的主题主要包括食物与农业系统可持续性、食物安全与营养健康质量和食物消费资源环境效应及可持续性评估三个方面。[结论]发展中国家和欠发达地区食物消费可持续性研究有待加强,同时食物消费可持续性...     

基于文献计量看稻壳的研究现状与发展趋势

采用主题词的检索方法,通过对CNKI和Elsevier、Springer Link、ACS等外文数据库的检索,得中文文献418篇(1911~2016年)、外文文献11 985篇(1911~2016年)、专利135项(1980~2016年)。经文献计量分析,结果表明:我国稻壳的研究正处线性增长阶段,稻壳的加工与利用除了传统的用于制备白炭黑、水泥添加剂和稻壳炭等,已拓展至冶金、化学试剂、电子化工、医药、化妆品、粮食储藏、食品添加剂、农业和光伏等众多领域,且日益扩大和完善;稻壳资源利用的明天会更好,稻壳能更好地造福人类。     

精准扶贫研究的现状、热点与趋势*——基于CNKI和CiteSpace可视化视角

[目的]将大数据与计量可视化工具相结合,有助于从定量的角度把握文献研究的现状和特点。[方法]文章以中国学术期刊(网络版)作为研究文献的数据平台,检索2013—2018年我国精准扶贫精准脱贫相关研究文献,运用中国知网(CNKI)计量可视化功能分析相关文献的基本现状;运用CiteSpace信息可视化功能分析研究文献的热点和趋势。[结果](1)围绕精准扶贫精准脱贫的相关研究发文量由急剧上升到平稳增长;(2)绝大部分作者是独立研究,同一机构内部作者合作较多,有影响的科研团队较少;(3)个别杂志具有较强的影响力;(4)通过关键词共现图谱、聚类分析,展示了热点关键词的频次和分布情况,揭示了热点关键词之间的知识结构;(5)通过关键词时区知识图谱分析,揭示了热点关键词的演变历程和发展趋势。[结论]扶贫研究具有典型的时效性、政策性、专业性和持续性,目前的研究状态还将持续一段时间,但在2020年后研究内容将发生转变。     

基于CiteSpace的国内乡村振兴研究热点及趋势可视化分析

[目的]文章通过绘制乡村振兴领域的科学知识图谱,考察了国内有关乡村振兴研究的发展脉络,旨在厘清国内乡村振兴研究现状,挖掘乡村振兴研究热点,探测乡村振兴热点变迁,并找出存在的不足与问题,以期为进一步的研究提供导向。[方法]利用文献可视化分析工具CiteSpace,对2017—2019年中国知网数据库收录的以"乡村振兴"为主题的文献进行了可视化分析。[结果]国内乡村振兴领域研究成果持续增长;文献学科结构倾向明显,以经济、政治、管理类为主;高产作者以刘彦随、龙花楼、姜长云、郑风田等15位为代表,合作关系呈现出"大分散,小集中"的特点;中国社会科学院农村发展研究所、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所和中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院是发文量最多的3个机构;关键词的聚类确定了乡村振兴研究的4个热点主题,分别是"乡村振兴战略""乡村生活""农业农村现代化""产业兴旺";时区视图显示,乡村生活、乡村共同体、乡村社会建设和聚集人口等是乡村振兴领域研究的新热点。[结论]未来应提升乡村振兴研究所涉及学科的广度与多元化,加强各学者、机构之间的交流与合作,注重学术资源分布的地区差异问题;通过对研究热点及其演化脉络分析得出,未来应关注工业反哺农业实现乡村振兴的理论研究,关注脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴的衔接以及乡村振兴的制度建设问题,注意综合定量与定性研究方法的使用,充实升华新视角提出新观点,同时注意战略实施过程中各类矛盾的识别、分析和协调。     

区块链技术在会计领域的研究现状及趋势分析

区块链技术的快速发展对各行业发展产生了显著影响,为了探析区块链技术对会计领域研究的具体影响、预测区块链技术在会计领域研究的发展趋势。本文选取中国知网数据库会计领域内区块链为主题的中文期刊文献,利用文献计量分析方法、大数据可视化方式对2021年2月8日之前发表的331篇期刊论文进行发文量、研究热点、研究机构及研究学者四个维度的研究,得出了区块链技术在会计领域的研究发展需外在环境助力、需持续深入细化、需形成产学研协同发展实现研究优势融合等结论。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.