农户农林复合经营意愿影响因素分析

基于福建省6个县(市) 30个村300位农户的调查数据,运用二元Logistic回归模型识别影响农户农林复合经营意愿的因素,结果表明:耕地面积、项目支持对农户农林复合经营意愿具有显著的正向影响,而户主年龄、家庭劳动力人数却具有显著的负向影响。基于此,从农户特征、资源禀赋特征、技术特征、政府出台政策4个方面提出促进农林复合经营的政策建议:应培养新型职业农民,带动年龄较大户主转变观念,助力农林复合经营发展;规范和鼓励林地、耕地流转或联户经营,适度扩大土地经营规模,促进形成农林复合经营规模经济,推动农林复合经营产业化发展;通过项目支持建设示范基地,带动农户参与农林复合经营,促进示范基地健康有序发展,创新技术推广,推动科技成果转化;调整资金补贴,规范资金有效使用和统筹管理。     

云南松茸产业市场前景分析与对策建议

阐述了云南松茸产业发展状况,分析了云南省松茸自然资源条件,影响产业市场供给水平的主要因素;国内外松茸资源分布、供给、松茸消费市场和食品消费趋势变化;有针对性的提出了改善云南松茸产业市场状况的对策建议。     

Social capital and collective identity in the local food movement

Social movement actors are seeking alternatives to the highly industrialized, global food system through alternative agri-food initiatives to counter the conventional practices of the industrial food system. Many of these initiatives have proven successful. Social movement researchers have documented the importance of the roles and services social movement organizations provide for movement constituents to realize their success, emphasizing human and financial capital as key components for mobilizing collective action. Researchers have also documented the value of interorganizational networks, and the benefits of collaboration to expand the share of resources, and perhaps more importantly design social movement frames to direct collective action for social change. However, what local food movement research has yet to address are some of the potential barriers that minimize collaboration among organizational leaders as it relates to social capital and collective identity. This paper takes a cross-sectional network analysis of social movement organizations working to increase the sustainability of various areas within the local food system in Marin County, California, a historically agricultural region serving a number of urban communities. Findings from the mixed-methods research reveal evidence of collective identity and social capital as enhancing collaboration among particular types of organizations while reducing potential collaboration among and between other social movement organizations. By analysing the collective identity and dichotomous nature of social capital among social movement organizations, this research contributes a clearer understanding of the existing gaps for increasing the sustainability of a local food system.     

Public evaluation of landscape content and change: Several examples from Europe

This paper considers rural land use by analysing stakeholder values and perceptions concerning various landscape components. The purpose is to show that landscape content and land cover interactions with societal connections should be a base for land use development. The practical goal is to deliberate research tools to quantify public opinions and attitudes, which could form bases for developing of decision support tools. The main research objectives are: (1) to assess existing opinions concerning land use changes and provide a clearer insight into public attitudes to the role of woodlands for an integrated development of the countryside; (2) to place ecological and socio-economic values on inanimate natural components of landscapes; and (3) to assess values and preferences held by land use policy and management experts regarding multiple landscape components and features to assist in decision-making. Through the different levels of importance (values) accorded by the respondents to the integration of nature components in rural landscapes public priorities were identified. The paper develops an understanding of why certain aspects of land use changes are unfavourably viewed by some people and favourably received by others. It suggests some innovative perspectives on the areas of consensus and conflict between people, providing initial information for the selection and evaluation of land use management decisions.     

Food first! Theorising assets and actors in agroforestry: risk evaders,opportunity seekers and ‘the food imperative’ in sub-Saharan Africa

Despite widely recognised and well-established benefits, it is difficult to adopt the multifunctional activity of agroforestry into the landscape and lifeworld of small-scale agriculture, if poverty, itself a main reason for adopting agroforestry, stands in its way. Based on participant observations and interviews with small-scale farmers in western Kenya, we explore and theorise agroforestry adoption as a process of socio-ecological and socio-technological change. Proceeding from sustainability science and a modified livelihoods approach we use grounded theory in ‘narrative walks’ to analyse adoption and non-adoption of agroforestry in a setting where farmers continuously interpret, adjust to and invest in their environment. Given the diversity and complexity of such livelihoods, the analysis is structured around reproductive and productive chains, strategies and practices defined by uncertainty and risk, and conflicting interests. Findings indicate that food secure farmers may act as entrepreneurially inclined ‘opportunity seekers’ and venture into agroforestry, whereas the ‘food imperative’(alongside the ‘health imperative’) makes it more difficult for agroforestry to take root among the ‘poorest of the poor’ who act as ‘risk evaders’. Hence, agroforestry adoption must be understood within an integrated human–environment frame recognising the socio-ecological relations of technology adoption and the wider political aspects and power structures of food security.     

征地制度改革动态博弈分析

研究目的:剖析征地制度改革研究静态分析的缺陷,厘清征地制度主体之间的互动关系,理解和把握征地制度改革的动力和演绎路径。研究方法:文献资料法,收益—成本法,关系演绎图解法。研究结果:征地制度改革要得以推进,改革所产生的收益—成本要具体化为参与方利益集团的收益与成本之比较。研究结论:中央政府、地方政府和被征地农民三方各自追求效用收益极大、成本极小的互为因果的博弈行动驱动着征地制度改革的演进,演进方向应是创建Pareto改进的非零和博弈的规则。而参与改革三方的多阶段重复博弈决定了征地制度改革是一个渐进的动态发现过程。     

资源环境承载力研究范式的分化与比较

研究目的：在自然资本成为可持续发展关键因素的背景下，梳理与审视资源环境承载力的研究范式。研究方 法：文献研究和比较分析。研究结果：（1）资源环境承载力的研究范式可以归纳为限制因子分析、多因素综合分析、生 态足迹分析、净初级生产力的人类占用分析和行星边界分析 5 类；（2）承载力不同范式之间存在递进、重叠和互补等关 系，其中限制因子分析为基础范式，限制因子与多因素综合、生态足迹与净初级生产力的人类占用、行星边界与传统承 载力范式之间均存在互补关系，同时各类范式之间还存在一定的重叠关系；（3）行星边界分析适用于全球生态安全和 可持续性责任划分议题，限制因子分析、生态足迹分析和净初级生产力的人类占用分析适用于国家、区域等大中尺度 资源和生态安全议题，多因素综合分析适用于社会经济协调发展议题。研究结论：上述资源环境承载力研究范式在理 论基础、量化方法和政策价值等方面各有侧重，未来亟需加强对不同范式之间交互关联和融合发展的研究。     

新农科建设背景下农林经济管理专业仿真教学研究

新农科建设着力于系统培养农林经济管理专业学生的理论知识、实践能力、创新创业能力与综合素养。基于"知识-能力-素养-个性"的人才培养要求,结合农林经济管理专业人才培养目标与专业课程框架体系,阐释了农林经济管理专业仿真实训教学的课程属性、设计理念、功能框架、运行机制与应用价值。提出了农林经济管理专业人才培养目标、培养模式、教学手段的新要求与新思路。     

土地系统多级综合观测研究网络建设框架

研究目的:基于土地系统科学基础理论,研究提出全国土地系统观测研究网络的功能定位、组织架构、协同创新机制,形成土地系统综合观测技术研发、"大数据"平台构建、土地系统观测研究基地建设和网络优化布局的总体思路,搭建土地系统综合观测理论—技术—平台—机制创新架构,提出全国土地系统观测研究网络建设的战略框架。研究方法:文献研究、专家访谈、实地调研。研究结果:(1)土地系统是由人文和自然要素构成的人地关系时空系统。土地系统研究的核心是系统各要素动态变化、互馈机制,人—地系统功能演变、协同耦合与优化调控机理。土地系统具有多级、综合、动态性特征,建设土地系统多级综合观测网络,开展持续观测,是加强土地系统科学认知的有效途径。(2)土地系统多级综合观测研究网络建设要围绕数据观测、科学研究、政策创新、资源共享、人才培养、教育科普等功能,形成全国—区域—县域—村镇土地科技创新多级协同组织架构;创新联合共建、人才交流、科研联动、资金保障、数据共享、成果转化等协同机制,完善运行管理制度体系;围绕主要科学问题和研究领域,研发土地系统综合观测指标和观测技术体系,构建土地系统综合监测数据管护服务平台;加强科学观测研究基地建设,优化全国土地系统综合观测网络布局,形成全国、区域、市县、村镇、地块多层级观测体系。研究结论:建设全国土地系统观测研究网络,加强土地系统科学协同创新,可为土地科技联合攻关,土地系统跨尺度、多要素、全方位的科学认知,土地系统科学发展和科学、系统、联动、高效的土地管理科学决策提供有效支撑。     

Benefit distribution across scales to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Vietnam

At very high policy levels, efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) are considered to be innovative and cost-effective ways to make forest more valuable standing than cut. In response to climate change, international funding to support reductions in emissions needs to balance conservation and development. The Government of Vietnam is currently coordinating the design of a comprehensive benefit-distribution system, with the ambition to convert certified net emissions reductions into REDD+ revenue and distribute it to local partners in a transparent, equitable and cost-effective manner. A pilot scheme is underway in Bac Kan province. With forest cover of 56.6% and a poverty rate of 36.6%, Bac Kan is among the most heavily forested and poorest provinces of Vietnam, making it a potential site for pioneering REDD+ schemes in the country.Research questions were how to incorporate international, national and local stakeholders’ investments into any distribution scheme; and how to sustain and manage an efficient, effective and equitable funding scheme for environmental services, including REDD+ revenues. Multiple data collection and analytical methods (including participatory approaches) were used to answer both research questions. Additionally, for the second question, we employed cost-benefit, opportunity cost and economic analyses.Three key concepts formed the research frame for this paper: (1) benefit-distribution systems; (2) reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus conservation (REDD+); and (3) the broader concept of payments or rewards for ecosystem services; as well as lessons learned from existing, similar schemes.This results shows that an appropriate benefit-sharing system for REDD+ revenues can be developed in such a way that meets international regulations as well as national and sub-national circumstances, particularly for the environmental services’ providers who directly protect forests. Vietnam's payments for forest environmental services’ and integrated conservation schemes (where conservation and rural development are integrated) serve as a base for the development of a REDD+ benefit-distribution system.We discuss ways of bundling such schemes with REDD+ ‘service’ payments and income streams from forestry and agroforestry ‘goods’ to provide short-term food-security/economic return and long-term environmental benefits. This combination is expected to provide sustainable incentives, but further effort is needed in the use of participatory methods and a ‘bottom-up’ approach to provide a strong base for an effective and equitable REDD+ mechanism at landscape level.Experience drawn from Vietnam, in general, and in Bac Kan, in particular, can be replicated and directly contribute to reducing carbon emissions globally.     

How feasible is regional integration for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban–rural interface? Evidence from Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei metropolitan region in China

Competition among different uses for land is becoming acute under the process of urbanization, and conflicts related to this competition are becoming more frequent and more complex. This article presents a methodology for confronting this issue. By applying an integrated framework, we explore the implicit role of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Regional Integration (BRI) policy in land use conflicts by focusing on the urban-rural interface, and try to address the research question: “How feasible is BRI for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban-rural interface?” An original structure of the analysis is developed based on the identification of three types of conflicts, namely, conflicts over land use structure, conflicts over land conversion and conflicts over landscape pattern. According to the interactions and relationships among these conflicts, we define broad categories of land use conflict areas. Indeed, these conflicts are all related to the unplanned use of agricultural land reserves, which competes with other more immediate uses, and the over-exploitation of land resources caused by unsustainable urban practices. This policy is clearly a critical objective for optimizing the land use structure. It, however, fails to reconcile the conflicts over land conversion and landscape pattern, especially for considerable agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural uses, and low-density development pattern with mixed residential and industrial land uses. Hence, alternative strategies involving public participation, spatial equity, rural revitalization, land-use system reform, and new type of urbanization, can be identified as viable solutions for land use conflict management, which may be complementary to regional integration. The findings of our paper may also contribute to the policy debate on BRI concerning land use planning and regional sustainability.     

Using soil and water conservation techniques to rehabilitate degraded lands in northwestern Burkina Faso

Agricultural productivity in West Africa is low and cropping systems are hard to sustain. Farmers generally make little use of improved seeds or mechanization, and rely on organic matter to improve the fertility of their soils. Soil and water conservation techniques (SWCTs) can help secure agricultural output in unpredictable climates, and have been promoted in northwestern Burkina Faso for several decades. Rock bunds, filter walls, zaï, half-moons and agroforestry are now widespread. This paper describes the agroecological conditions in Burkina Faso and discusses the agroforestry and SWC technologies most widely applied in the country. SWCTs have contributed to improvements on the ground, helping secure livelihoods and reduce rural poverty and vulnerability to drought and famine.     

江西省遥感信息技术应用的回顾与展望

文章在回顾江西省遥感信息技术应用的基础上,审视了20世纪50年代以来,江西省有关行业、高等院校和遥感协会在遥感应用的各个领域所取得的成绩和存在的差距。提出了未来5到10年江西遥感信息技术应用的目标,即建立和完善江西省遥感综合信息预警系统;农情遥感速报和主要农作物估产系统;土地利用动态监测系统;遥感信息资源共享中心等四大系统。为实现数字江西奠定基础。     

Role of communication technologies in broadacre agriculture in Australia: an empirical analysis using panel data

This paper examines the role of communication technologies (CTs) in Australian broadacre agricultural production using data over the period of 1990–2013. Allowing for cross‐sectional independence in the data, the pooled mean group and augmented mean group techniques are applied to estimate dynamic relationships among variables. The empirical results demonstrate that CTs affect agricultural output positively in the long run. The estimated elasticity is 0.237. This result suggests that government policies that lift investment in telecommunication facilities are shown to contribute to an increase of output in Australia's broadacre agriculture in the long run.     

基于典型相关分析的三峡库区土地利用变化研究

文章利用1996年、2000年和2004年的土地利用数据和社会经济统计数据进行研究。从宏观、中观和微观的层面分析了各种土地利用类型的单一土地利用动态度和土地利用相对变化率。然后采用典型相关分析的方法,定量揭示了三峡库区土地利用变化的主要社会经济影响因子之间的关系。     

基于系统动力学方法的新型城镇化进程中农村土地流转的社会风险识别

从系统的角度来看,处于农村土地流转这个复杂系统中的各种风险因素相互联系、相互作用并处在动态变化中。基于系统论的思想,对新型城镇化进程中农村土地流转的社会风险因素进行分析;针对农村土地流转系统的复杂结构和动态行为特性,以系统动力学理论为基础建立了农村土地流转中社会风险识别反馈模型,并运用原因树识别出引起各目标风险的关键风险因素。通过分析,可以帮助准确地辨识土地流转中关键的社会风险因素,以期为土地流转过程中社会风险管理质量的提高与风险管理理论的丰富提供支持。     

Adjusting policy to institutional,cultural and biophysical context conditions: The case of conservation banking in California

This paper examines the political construction of a policy instrument for matching particular institutional, biophysical and cultural context conditions in a social–ecological system, using the case of conservation banking in California as an example. The guiding research question is: How is policy design negotiated between various actors on its way from early formulation of ideas and principles to an accepted policy solution on a state or national level? The underlying assumption is that in order for a policy instrument to be implemented, it has to be adjusted to various context conditions. That is, it has to become accepted by affected actors associated with the institutional framework, and it has to gain local validity for implementation by actors related to a particular ecological and cultural context. We assume that ideas about policy adjustments are not only functionalistic questions determined for example by the materiality of the resource it governs, but are constructed and politically negotiated because these ideas may differ among the mental models of the associated actors. These actors are stakeholders affiliated with the policy process, i.e. authorities, public and private organizations, interest groups, firms or think tanks dealing with, or being shaped by, the policy at different stages of its development.As a result certain context conditions and related concerns such as institutional interplay or match to ecological particularities become inscribed in policy design as an outcome of power struggles, values, and interests. These in turn may vary at different stages of policy development and implementation. Each time the instrument is transferred in a new setting it is likely that the incipient policy design may be opened-up and begin a mutual adjustment process among the newly concerned actors. Thus, such policy developments are not immutable but are dynamic. In this paper, the creation of fit for policies on conservation banking to the issue of species protection in the State of California and later to the U.S. environmental governance domain, are analyzed to understand the instrument's emergence and development toward an established policy solution. The focus is on the negotiation processes among the enrolled actors and their strategies for matching the instrument to certain institutional, cultural and ecological context conditions on different scales. Changes in policy design, its underlying influences, actors’ interests, conflicts and perceived effects are identified, respectively.     

Valuing soil conservation benefits of agroforestry: contour hedgerows in the Eastern Visayas,Philippines

Trees can be considered as investments made by economic agents to prevent depreciation of natural assets such as stocks of top soil and water In agroforestry systems farmers use trees in this manner by deliberately combining them with agricultural crops on the same unit of land. Although advocates of agroforestry have asserted that soil conservation is one of its primary benefits, empirical estimates of these benefits have been lacking due to temporal and spatial complexity of agroforestry systems and the nonmarket aspect of soil capital assets. This study designs and applies a bio-economic framework for valuing the soil conservation benefits of agroforestry. The framework is tested with econometric analysis of data from surveys of households in Eastern Visayas. Philippines, where USAID/Government of Philippines introduced contour hedgerow agroforestry in 1983. By constructing a weighted soil quality index that also incorporates measures of soil fertility, texture and color in addition to erosion, we extend previous economic studies of soil resources. This index is regressed on a variety of farming and site specific bio-physical variables. Next, we use a Cobb-Douglas profit function to directly relate agricultural profits and soil quality. Thus, the value of soil conservation is measured as a quasi-rent differential or the share of producer surplus associated with a change in soil quality. Because this framework assumes the existence of markets, the assumption is tested by analysing the statistical significance of consumption side variables, e.g., number of household members, on production side variables, e.g., profits. Instrumental variables are used to handle the endogeneity of the soil index in the profit equation. Seemingly unrelatedregression (SUR) analysis is used to accommodate correlation of errors across the soil and profit equations. Regression results reveal the importance of agroforestry intensity, private ownership, land fragmentation, and familiarity with soil conservation as positive covariates of soil quality. Analysis of production data indicate the importance of market prices, education, farming experience, farm size, topography, and soil quality as positive covariates of household profits Investments in agroforestry to improve or maintain soil capital can increased annual agricultural profits by US$53 for the typical household, which is 6% of total income. However, there are significant up-front costs. Given that small farmers in tropical uplands are important players in the management of deteriorating soil and forest resources, policy makers may want to consider supporting farmers in the early years of agroforestry adoption.     

集体林业制度改革研究前沿

结合中共十九届四中全会提出的深化农村集体产权制度改革任务,从深化改革的重大意义和目标任务等6个方面对集体林权制度改革理论和政策研究的相关文献进行系统分析,指出已有的集体林权制度改革研究宏观分析过多,中观、微观分析不足,存在以静态分析为主的倾向;大部分研究忽视了各项制度之间的逻辑关联和目标协同,同时还有研究目标定位不够清晰、研究内容与国家既定改革目标需求衔接不够紧密的现象;对未来集体林业经营模式、林业行政管理模式、公共财政支持模式以及与之相适应的制度方式的争论还没有形成共识。因此,提出深化集体林业经营制度改革提升集体林业经营发展水平的若干前沿研究命题,以期为后续深化研究提供指引。     

Adaptation of Agroforestry Systems in South-Eastern Mexico through Integration of Farmer and Bioeconomic Evaluations

Agroforestry systems have been promoted as sustainable land-use systems for regions where shifting agriculture is the traditional predominant land-use. Although environmentally sustainable, agroforestry systems require investment to establish that may affect their economic sustainability. In the southern Yucatan Peninsula 47 agroforestry plots of two timber and 10 fruit tree species were established with 22 farmers in three communities covering two rainfall zones and five soil types. Some fruit trees had wide adaptability to different soil, rainfall and management conditions, e.g. Manilkara zapota; others were restricted to the best soil, rainfall management conditions, e.g. Persea americana. The Meliaceae timber trees responded little to rainfall and soil, but stem borer attack was markedly lower in less intensively managed systems. Level of system maintenance greatly affected costs, but also opportunities for intercropping and obtaining immediate income. All levels of managements had negative net present value (NPV) for the three-year establishment phase, but so does traditional maize production. Farmers preferred to inter-crop their agroforestry systems, but were often limited by site quality. Determining sustainable agroforestry options for farmers requires multiple decisions related to species adaptability to the site, farmer production objectives and farmer capacity to invest in different management strategies. One production technology did not fit all.