森林采伐管理制度的管制强度如何影响林农采伐收入

本文在理论分析采伐管理制度对林农采伐收入的影响机制基础上,运用南方集体林区7个重点林业县(市)采伐政策及21个村415个样本户的调查数据,考察了林改后采伐管理制度的管制强度对林农采伐收入的影响。研究发现,林改后政府的采伐管制强度对林农采伐收入具有显著的负向影响,而该种负向影响是通过采伐量及林木收购价这两个中介变量产生的,即使在林木市场价会降低采伐管制强度对林木收购价的负向作用(中介效应)以及山林依赖度会弱化采伐管制强度对采伐量的负向影响(交互效应)客观背景下,该种负向作用依旧存在,其根本原因在于采伐管制导致设租寻租行为的广泛存在。政府在森林资源管理领域"简政放权"很有必要,具体说即是将采伐指标由县直接分配落实到户,进而可实现保护生态安全和提高林农收入的双赢局面。     

集体林产权安排与林农增收关系研究——基于江西武宁县的调查分析

本研究就集体林产权安排、林农增收之间关系问题进行了理论分析,提出了一系列研究假设。在此基础上,利用江西武宁县的问卷调研数据,借助统计分析和结构方程模型的分析方法,对提出的理论假设进行了实证检验,研究结果表明:林权承包到户对林农自愿经营有正向影响,林农自愿经营对收入增长也存在着正向影响,林权制度对林农收入增长有间接影响;林农自愿经营在林权制度与林农收入增长中起着明显的中介效应;政策的稳定性、林农的收入水平和受教育程度对林农经营意愿有着显著的正向驱动作用。因此,林权制度改革要保持政策的稳定性,针对不同收入水平和文化程度的林农,采取切实可行的措施增强他们的林业经营意愿,从而促进林农的收入增长,使林权制度改革在最大程度上推动林业经济的发展。     

政府土地交易管制对住宅价格的影响

在整个住宅市场化的进程中,住宅价格的合理与否,对住宅市场的建设和发展有着极其重要的影响;而土地政策是我国现行交易管制政策的一种重要手段.本文通过对近年来实行的有关土地交易管制政策的回顾和归纳,分析土地交易管制政策对住宅价格的影响,并提出相应的建议.     

湖南省生态公益林多渠道补偿机制研究

目前,湖南省生态公益林发展面临着过分依赖中央和地方政府扶持、补偿机制僵化、林农收益较低、公益林经营管理方式落后等问题。针对以上问题,从给付主体、补偿方式、补偿标准、受偿主体四个层次提出了生态公益林多渠道补偿机制模型。给付主体为政府和社会相配合;补偿方式为现金补偿、技术补偿和能力补偿相结合;补偿标准兼顾生态效益价值和经济价值;受偿主体涵盖林农和其他利益相关者,从而形成政府、社会公众、企业和林农的多元互动的良好局面,由此提高和保障林农收益,激发其参与生态公益林建设的积极性。     

林农对生态公益林补偿标准满意度影响因素研究——以江西省为例

补偿标准是生态公益林补偿政策的关键问题,也影响着政策的实施效果。林农对生态公益林补偿标准的满意度,反映出补偿过程中林农自身利益的需求与补偿标准之间的差异。文章基于江西省17个县市的753份有效调查问卷,运用Oprobit模型,实证分析了林农对生态公益林补偿标准满意度差异,并探究其差异产生的原因。研究结果表明:林农年龄、林业经营活动、是否为村干部、家庭人口数量、地理环境、家庭年收入、公益林林地面积以及生态公益林补偿政策了解程度等变量对生态公益林补偿标准满意度具有不同程度不同方向的影响。     

林业参与意愿研究文献综述

林农参与林业建设的积极性将直接影响到林业发展的总体情况,因此对林农参与意愿的影响因素进行分析,可以根据林农的实际情况来完善相应的政策措施,从而达到提高林农参与积极性的目的。收集了近年发表的对农户参与林业工程与政策意愿的研究文献,主要从学者所选用的方法层面进行分析研究,以期能给这方面的研究者提供参考。     

森林碳汇储备中政府监管与林农行为博弈分析

基于碳汇发展过程中政府与林农之间的博弈关系,结合嵌入式社会结构理论、农户经济理论和正式制度与非正式制度理论,构建政府监管和林农行为选择博弈模型,分析双方的博弈收益。结果表明:政府采取监管、加大扶持力度、建立健全碳汇发展体制机制、完善碳汇市场体系等措施,林农会选择执行监管政策;反之,若政府不实施相关政策,加之林农对森林碳汇认识不够,参与森林碳汇储备意愿不强等,林农会选择不执行监管政策。因此,急需建立健全碳汇交易市场体制机制、完善碳汇林补贴政策、加大政策宣传力度、创新政府监管模式,以期有效推动森林碳汇储备,从而加快森林碳汇项目发展。     

林农木本药材杜仲供给意愿影响因素研究

木本药材是中国重要的经济林产品,更是中国卫生体系的重要组成部分,近年来倍受关注.在中国集体林权制度改革的大背景下,林农拥有其林地资源的经营自主权,木本药材种植经营可以为林农创造经济机会.本研究以木本药材杜仲为例,以福建省柘荣县、邵武市、泰宁县、和尤溪县样本林农调查数据为基础,构建Logit回归模型,对林农木本药材杜仲供给意愿影响因素进行回归分析,研究结果表明林农木本药材杜仲供给意愿的主要影响因素为森林管理目标、林农家庭特征、政府政策、产业链等.模型发现受教育程度高且拥有一定规模林地相对年轻的林农会成为推广木本药材的最好选择,因为他们更愿意供给木本药材.这项研究的结果对于发展木本药材产业具有重要的意义.     

林业合作组织的利益分配机制研究——以“公司+林业合作组织+林农”模式为例

利益分配是林业合作组织中的一个重要而又敏感的问题。公平合理的利益分配方式对促进林业合作组织的稳定健康发展和促进林农增收具有重要意义。运用J.S.Admas的公平理论,基于林业合作组织的成员异质性、收益滞后性等特点,针对"公司+林业合作组织+林农"模式,构建了动态累积投入为主体、体现合作者贡献和资金时间价值的利益分配模型,并给出具体算例对模型进行了应用。     

社会-生态系统视角下商品林赎买政策参与意愿的影响因素分析

基于福建省沙县、顺昌、武平及武夷山的实地调研数据,利用"社会-生态"系统制度分析框架分析林农政策参与意愿的影响因素,并根据影响人类行为选择的7种制度规则,对实证结果进行深入分析。结果表明:赎买政策的公平性和林农的生态保护意识程度对林农参与意愿有正向影响;资源单位中"人均林地面积"及使用者系统中"林地距城镇中心的距离"等变量对林农的参与意愿有反向影响。因此,提出地方政府应从7种规则背后的制度设计入手,动态调整赎买价格;科学合理制定赎买条件与流程,明晰产权和信息公开;引入有效的激励性政策工具,促进各类林业经济合作组织等中间机构的成立,形成多元化治理的政策网络,促进村民环境保护行动的常态化等建议。     

木材可追溯性、林产品市场准入标准与中国林产品贸易

首先界定了木材可追溯性的概念和内容,然后从政府、环保组织和企业三方面总结了国际社会各界的反应,最后分析了木材可追溯性的发展趋势及其对中国的启示。研究结果表明:发达国家以环境贸易立法的形式提出的木材可追溯性的强制性要求越来越明确和具体,沿着林产品供应链向纵深方向发展,已成为林产品国际市场准入的一个新标准;木材可追溯性得到了国际社会各界的纷纷响应,正从世界主要林产品消费国向木材供应国发展,全球范围的木材可追溯体系即将形成。中国作为一个长期的林产品贸易大国,在世界林产品贸易格局中处在中间加工国的位置,必须客观分析木材可追溯性标准的影响,建立和完善中国的木材可追溯体系。     

Farming within a dual legal land system: An argument for emancipatory food systems planning in Accra,Ghana

Contestation over land is a central element of urban food systems. This paper examines how Ghana’s dual legal land system affects urban farmers. Situated within the “emancipatory planning” discourse, the paper investigates how farmers navigate customary and statutory land rules using tactics that include compliance, opposition and adaptation. Based on field work conducted in urban and peri-urban areas of Accra, the study demonstrates that farmers access land by working around, outside, and within the rules of the dual legal land system. The landowners on whom urban farmers depend also both comply with and violate these same rules. This system perpetuates inequities. Food systems policy and planning must address the structural and systemic inequities that are reinforced by the rules of the land game. The paper concludes with some reflections on how local and national policy and planning can do a better job in supporting urban food production in contexts characterized by complex, dual legal land systems.     

PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY AND AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL POLICY REFORM*

Recent discussion of the process of policy reform has tended to focus on public and private interest theories of public choice as alternative models. The analysis of Australian agricultural policy presented in this paper draws on several extensions of the private interest model including the contractarian framework, extra-rational considerations such as moral attitudes and the desire to participate. Recent agricultural policy reforms in Australia are examined in the light of those theories. This examination highlights the importance of ideas and changes in the rules for policy formulation in influencing policy outcomes. In some cases the private interest theory appears to offer an adequate explanation while, in others, it provides only a partial explanation of policy change, and requires extension if policy choice is to be influenced, or even understood. An important independent role for economists and policy makers is seen both in the formulation of policies and in the design of rules for policy choice.     

云南省林权抵押贷款情况调研报告

截止2011年底,云南省16个州市的96个县(市、区)都开办了林权抵押贷款业务,贷款余额达74.11亿元,位居全国第一。云南省各项林权抵押贷款政策制度十分健全,林业、金融、财政等部门在林权抵押贷款工作中配合十分紧密,在创新贷款方式、完善贷款服务、制定贷款优惠措施等方面有很多值得学习和借鉴的做法。但是从目前来看,林权抵押贷款还是存在缺乏政策支持、贷款期限和利率不符合林业实际情况、担保体系不健全等问题。针对存在的,结合林业实际,提出了相关政策建议。     

Renegotiating Access to Shea Trees in Burkina Faso: Challenging Power Relationships Associated with Demographic Shifts and Globalized Trade

This paper uses an original integrated theoretical framework to reveal the mechanisms behind socio‐economic differentiation in the changing patterns of access to shea in western Burkina Faso, in the context of globalization of the shea nut trade and internal migrations from both the Mossi Plateau and the Sahelian zone. Based on more than 200 interviews, we unravel the complex dynamic mechanisms of changes in access to shea. We show that negotiations result in reduced access to shea for late comers as well as for people with a limited number of shea trees in their fields, since areas where shea is managed as a common‐pool resource are becoming less accessible. However, we also demonstrate that late comers are not powerless in the face of first comers’ claims to shea. Our results should help policy‐makers and project‐based activities concerning shea to focus more on issues related to access to this resource.     

Forest cover,development, and sustainability in Costa Rica: Can one policy fit all?

Forest Transition Theory offers the hope that global economic development can continue in tandem with forest recovery. Costa Rica has been lauded for its successful forest transition—once the fastest deforesting country in Central America, forests began to regrow in the 1980s and have had a steady trajectory of recovery since. This forest regrowth can be linked temporally to Costa Rican policies that have promoted tourism and discouraged small-scale agriculture. We use a case study from the Bellbird Biological Corridor (Corredor Biológico Pájaro Campana; CBPC), Costa Rica, combining remote sensing analysis with interviews and ethnography, to unravel the relationship between national policy, forest regrowth, and social-ecological sustainability. The forest cover change analysis between 1986 and 2014 indicates that, at the parcel-level, national policy has served to promote farm abandonment in favor of tourism and that this change has been critical to forest regrowth. However, these changes have occurred within a development framework that has created new social-ecological challenges that threaten future forest and economic sustainability. Examining the parcel-level impacts of the driving forces of landscape change highlights that forest cover is an insufficient proxy for conservation success, and conservation policy focused primarily on forest recovery may create new sustainability challenges.     

Beyond One‐Size‐Fits‐All: Differentiating Market Access Measures for Commodity Systems in the Kenyan Highlands

Market access measures employed by economists and spatial analysts may not adequately capture local market or product‐specific variation. Analysis is conducted on the effects of market access on two commodities in the Kenyan highlands: milk and bean seeds. Both simple and composite measures of market access are applied to spatial price formation models to create spatial price decay functions in the context of household‐specific transaction costs. Composite measures of market access include negative exponential (using travel time or distance as cost) and gravity measures. The results demonstrate that the effects of market access differ significantly depending on the particular goods of interest. Simple measures of market access have the advantage of being more easily interpretable, and should therefore be preferred when communicating research outputs to the non‐scientific community, especially decision‐makers. The implications are that research addressing commodity‐specific development questions needs to look beyond generic measures of market access and develop tailored measures that reflect the characteristics of the commodity system of interest. The analysis also demonstrates that spatial price formation can be used to generate potentially more accurate measures of unit‐distance marketing costs.     

福建省国有林场营林投资经济效益评价研究

运用净现值法和内部收益率法,用福建省国有林场杉木生产过程中发生所有费用和木材生产过程中发生费用的资料,研究福建省国有林场营林投资经济效益。结果表明:国有林场林业投资有一定的经济效益,但经济效益还是比较低;以6%的资本利率,杉木投资的净现值为178.53元/hm2。林业税费政策调整以后,林业投资收益主要取决于造林抚育的支出水平。     

Foot-and-mouth Disease and Trade Restrictions: Latin American Access to Pacific Rim Beef Markets

Owing to their eradication of foot-and-mouth disease Argentina and Uruguay have recently been granted access to the fresh beef markets of the United States and Canada. This raises the prospect of Latin American suppliers gaining access to other Pacific Rim markets, and of increasing the integration of the Pacific and non-Pacific beef markets. A two-commodity spatial equilibrium model is constructed for the base year 1995. Projections are then made for the year 2001 under various policy and other scenarios. In some instances, major changes in trade patterns may result.     

森林碳生产的认识、方式与政策保障

森林的生产实践活动伴随人类社会文明进程变换其利用方式,森林减碳利用在应对全球气候变化过程中引人关注。森林碳生产作为森林减碳利用的具体表现形式,是森林生态文明的实践进步。本研究从生态、社会、经济等3个方面认识森林碳生产,分析人工造林、森林灾害防治、延迟采伐、土地利用变化等4种最为主要的碳生产方式,提出完善人工造林激励政策、完善采伐限额制度、采取适当的碳税和碳补偿政策、建立有效的碳排放权交易制度等4个方面的政策保障,进而更好地发挥森林在全球气候变化过程中的重要作用。