当前国际上海外耕地投资状况及其评析

研究目的:梳理当前国际上海外耕地投资的基本状况,为中国粮食安全与耕地保护战略提供参考。研究方法:文献资料法。研究结果:海外耕地投资的主要驱动因素是保障粮食安全及获得丰厚利润;政府是海外耕地投资的主要推动者;通过政府与政府、私有部门与政府或私有部门与私有部门的模式参与直接投资;投资者以购买、租赁或优惠经营的方式获取耕地。研究结论:当前的海外耕地投资存在投资项目缺乏透明度、土地产权存在争议及合同履行难以保障等问题。     

基于空间效应的农田水利投资对农业全要素生产率的影响

在构建包含农田水利基础设施投资在内的农业超越对数随机前沿生产函数的基础上,利用随机前沿法测算我国31个省(市、自治区)1996—2015年农业全要素生产率,对测算的结果通过空间计量方法分析农业全要素生产率的空间特征及农田水利投资对其产生的影响。结果表明:我国各省(市、自治区)农业全要素生产率整体增长呈现上升趋势;横向和纵向的分析结果显示其增长具有一定的区域性和地域集聚性;农田水利投资对农业全要素生产率的影响为正,且具有较弱的溢出效应,其中直接效应值为0.286 5,间接效应值为0.057 4,总效应值为0.343 9。     

基于农用地分等的耕地质量主导限制型研究

耕地自身存在限制因素是阻碍耕地质量提升的重要原因之一,确定耕地质量主导限制型对耕地质量建设与管理具有深远意义。文章依托耕地质量等级监测试点项目,以湖北省公安县为研究区,结合2010年农用地分等补充完善成果和耕地质量等级监测成果,确定了影响耕地质量的9种限制型:排水限制、质地限制、水分限制、障碍层次限制、污染限制、酸碱度限制、有机质限制、灌溉限制以及剖面构型限制。应用自然等提等潜力指数模型,以全局可比的无量纲形式反映出限制型的制约程度和自然等别提升潜力,从而计算出耕地质量限制型谱序,对确定耕地质量主导限制型方法进行了研究。结果表明:公安县存在12种耕地质量主导限制型组合类型,其中2~5等地以酸碱度限制、酸碱度-水分限制和水分限制为主,6~7等地以酸碱度限制、灌溉限制和排水限制为主。依据确定的耕地自然等质量主导限制型,可以针对不同等别的耕地采取对应的质量提升措施。     

社会资本参与农田水利建设的典型案例分析及经验启示

农田水利基础设施薄弱影响到国家农业发展和粮食安全,吸引社会资本投入农田水利建设,是水利供给侧结构性改革中"补短板"的有效措施和具体表现。通过社会资本参与农田水利建设相关案例的调研和整理,分析典型地区政府和社会资本合作开展农田水利建设的主要做法,总结加强政府引导、激发社会资本活力、加大金融支持、建立长效机制和深化综合改革等经验启示,为进一步推广农田水利建设PPP模式提供借鉴和参考。     

农田水利设施协同治理及效率研究综述与探讨

本文从基于利益相关者的视角,对国内外学者有关农田水利设施治理的成果进行梳理,对国外学者在农田水利设施产权制度、治理效率,以及国内学者在农田水利设施供给、经营和利益相关者协同治理及合作博弈等方面的研究成果进行述评,指出当前农田水利设施治理研究的空白和不足,为该问题的进一步研究指明方向,为我国农田水利设施治理和农业节水提供可借鉴的发展思路。     

Impact of farmland characteristics on grain costs and benefits in the North China Plain

Land characteristics in general and socio-economic characteristics in particular are assumed to play important roles in the determination of grain costs and benefits. This study explores the effects of farmland characteristics on grain costs and benefits using a multilevel linear model. The data refer to 1282 grain plots of 566 grain producers in the provinces of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui in the North China Plain. The results show that the coefficients of the variables used to measure plot size and tenure insecurity have different values and signs for households with different grain planted areas. It can be concluded that the effects of plot size and ratio of rented land are closely related to farmers’ total grain planted area, and only farmers with grain areas below 1.33 ha can achieve economies of scale. The effects of tenure insecurity of rented land on grain costs and benefits were negative, but the values became smaller and insignificant when farmers’ total grain area was sufficiently large. Regarding farmland bio-physical characteristics, farmers obtain more profit from plots with water conservancy facilities and have to invest more in poor land, with no output increments.     

农地流转对不同类型农户农地投入行为的影响——基于江汉平原和太湖平原的实证分析

研究目的:分析农地流转对不同类型农户的农地投入行为的影响。研究方法:比较分析法,问卷调查法及回归分析法。研究结果:(1)不同类型农户的行为目标不同,农地流转对其农地投入的影响存在差异;(2)农户的农业生产行为市场化程度越高,农地流转对其农地投入的影响就越大,农业生产的规模效应就越明显;(3)农地流转市场发育程度和农户农地流转的市场参与程度,对不同类型农户农地投入行为都有影响。研究结论:完善农地流转市场,规范农户农地流转行为,对引导不同类型农户进行农地的合理投入、促进农地可持续利用、提高农民收入和保障国家粮食安全都具有重要意义。     

Tenure,land rights,and farmer investment incentives in China

The goal of this paper is to understand the nature of the property rights associated with China's land tenure systems and to study the impact of these property rights on agricultural production efficiency. The results show that land tenure and associated property rights in rural China affect the production behavior of farmers. The most robust finding is that the right to use land for long periods of time encourages the use of land-saving investments. While the results show that land tenure affects agricultural production decisions, the difference between collective and private plots, however, is small compared to the private plot - communal productivity gap that existed in the pre-reform period.     

海水入侵对大连市牧城驿地区农田土壤生态的影响

通过对大连市牧城驿地区的共10口水井采集水样,主要分析了该地区水井中氯离子的含量,说明该地区已经发生了海水入侵现象,用受到海水入侵影响的地下水灌溉农田,对农田土壤造成了影响,引起了土壤的盐渍化。     

地权稳定性对耕地质量的影响——基于流转契约安排的视角

目的 巩固和完善农村基本经营制度是保障国家粮食安全和农村社会稳定的重要基石。在“三权”分置背景下,如何通过稳定地权实现耕地质量的有效保护和提升,已成为保障国家粮食安全的重要举措。方法 文章从地块属性和土地流转契约安排等地权稳定视角,利用2015年和2018年黑龙江、浙江、河南、四川4省两轮粮食规模户生产与测土面板数据,在统计分析的基础上,选取混合最小二乘法、随机效应模型和工具变量法进行实证分析,系统研究土地流转是否对耕地质量存在影响。结果 （1）四省耕地质量稳中向好,但不同地区变化趋势差异明显。（2）稳定的地权有利于改善耕地质量,较长的农地流转期限有利于耕地质量的保护与提升。（3）流转农地缺乏书面合同约束,不约定流转期限和流转期限短现象依然普遍,地权稳定性仍需加强。（4）地权稳定性随着流转农地来源农户数量增加而减弱。结论 基于主粮保供视角,建议持续关注耕地质量变化,促进耕地质量整体得到改善和提升;加强土地流转规范管理,引导农地流转期限长期稳定,增强农业经营主体生产的稳定预期,更好发挥地权稳定的长效激励作用,为耕保护性型措施的采用提供有利条件,进而达到保护和提升我国耕地质量的长远目标。     

Determinants of farmers' indigenous soil and water conservation investments in semi-arid India

This paper investigates the determinants of farmers' indigenous soil and water conservation investments in the semi-arid tropics of India. A simple theoretical model is used to develop hypotheses about the determinants of investment under alternative factor market conditions, and these are tested using data on conservation investment from three villages. We find that conservation investment is significantly lower on leased land in two of the study villages and lower on plots that are subject to sales restrictions in one village, suggesting the potential for land market reforms to increase conservation investment. In one village, households with more adult males, more farm servants, and less land invest more in conservation, as predicted by Ihe model of imperfect labor markets; and households with more debt and off - farm income invest more, consistent with the model of imperfect credit markets. Evidence that conservation investment is affected by factor market imperfections is weaker in the other villages, where investments are much larger, suggesting transaction costs as the source of the differences between villages. Other factors that have a significant effect on investment include the farmer's education and caste, characteristics of the plot (size, slope, irrigation status, and quality ranking) and the presence of existing land investments. The results suggest the importance of accounting for differences across communities and households in factor market and agroelimatic conditions in designing programs to promote investments in soil and water conservation.     

呼伦贝尔市水资源开发面临的问题及对策

水资源短缺是制约呼伦贝尔市社会经济发展的重要原因之一。分析了呼伦贝尔市水资源开发在水生态保护、水利基础设施建设、居民饮水安全及水利管理体制等方面面临的问题。从水利投融资体制改革、水利工程建设、水生态保护与治理、水利管理制度改革四个方面提出了水资源可持续开发利用的模式和应对措施。在合理开发利用的基础上,解决用水需求并保障用水安全,实现呼伦贝尔市经济社会持续健康发展。     

农地依赖性、农地处置方式与市民化意愿的内在关系研究——基于川鄂苏黑四省调研数据

研究目的:深入挖掘农地依赖性、农地处置方式与农村转移劳动力市民化意愿之间的内在关系,以期为农村转移劳动力自由选择市民化提供理论支持。研究方法:结构方程模型。研究结果:农地资源禀赋、农地功能认知、农地产权安全性、农地产权认知及农地流转服务均通过影响农地处置方式间接对农村转移劳动力市民化的决策产生影响,其中农地产权安全性还会直接影响农村转移劳动力市民化的决策;农村转移劳动力市民化过程中更倾向于以农地转出方式处置农地,农地产权认知是影响农村转移劳动力市民化意愿的最重要因素。研究结论:为缓解农地对农村转移劳动力市民化的束缚,政府须加速推进农地"三权分置"政策实施,健全农地流转市场及其配套制度体系,构建有效的农地退出机制并设置农户农地退出门槛。     

深化集体林权制度改革新分析框架:集体林产权安全

产权经济学理论认为产权清晰或产权明确只是引导外部性内部化、激励与约束和减少不确定性功能的必要条件,而不是充分条件,产权功能的实现还有赖于产权的安全性。产权安全包括法律产权安全、事实产权安全和感知产权安全。集体林产权安全不足是由集体林产权赋权和产权制度实际运行导致。从行为经济学理论出发,集体林三个维度的产权安全性都会直接影响集体林经营主体经营行为,而经营主体因资源禀赋、认知能力、行为能力和风险偏好等因素具有异质性,其集体林经营行为必然存在差异性。因此,以“明晰产权、承包到户”为核心的集体林权制度改革未能取得预期的效果可以从集体林产权安全角度得到一定的理论解释。建立从集体林产权安全角度研究集体林经营主体经营行为的研究框架,具有科学价值和应用价值。     

公益性水利项目投入机制研究

在简述公益性水利项目概念及投入机制研究必要性的基础上,结合我国实际情况,构建了完整的公益性水利项目投入体系,包括完善多元化公共财力投资体系、依据水利事权划分实施投资分摊、重组水利国有资产、强化投资风险约束机制和健全耗费补偿机制等。     

基于产权效应的耕地保护决策行为分析

目的 耕地保护是维护国家社会安全、生态安全和粮食安全的重要基石,探讨中国耕地保护决策的演进历程及产权路径,以期为新时代完善耕地保护制度提供理论支撑。方法 文章基于渐进决策理论,运用文献研究法与系统分析法识别耕地保护决策变迁模式并分析路径依赖特征。结果 农地产权的排他性与激励性逐渐强化,有限性相对减弱,为保护耕地营造了安全稳定的产权环境;中国耕地保护经历了体系形成、逐步完善、趋向成熟的阶段,遵循渐进决策模式,在平稳过渡中不断优化;耕地保护渐进决策深受产权阶段性变迁的影响,主要体现在制度环境、市场管理与农户行为路径。在制度上表现为冲突、迁移、协同的效应演变,在市场上表现为滞后、服务与激励的特征变化,农户行为则反映了群体效应、外部效应、预期效应的变化。结论 随着产权变迁,产权效应耦合变化推动耕地保护决策发展。未来应优化农地产权制度结构、健全农地市场的公共服务管理、合理实现耕地生态产品的价值,以促进耕地保护决策良性发展。     

Spatial distribution pattern and its optimization strategy of China’s overseas farmland investments

Overseas farmland investment is an “external program” contrary to the “internalization program” such as multiple planning integration and farmland protection, to solve the contradiction of food security and urbanization during the process of China’s development. Though overseas farmland investment being a new investment tide for decades, research on overseas farmland investment is still in its infancy, with limited research dimensions and insufficient depth. How to establish a scientific and reasonable selection model of the host country for China as well as other countries has become an urgent academic and practical issue to decrease the investment risks. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of China’s overseas farmland investment with the investment samples from 2000 to 2017 and proposes its operational strategy. Here are the conclusions. (a) The obvious imbalance of the distribution of China’s overseas farmland investment. Further research from a global perspective finds that the existent distribution pattern of China is not optimal. (b)The correlation analysis result shows the trends of overseas farmland investment with political stability and benefits seeking. (c) Host countries most suitable for overseas farmland investment are concentrated in Southeast Asia and along the equator in Africa and Latin America. (d) The existent distribution pattern for China’s overseas farmland investment needs some proper adjustment. China should increase the scale of overseas farmland investment in non-traditional regions while strengthening the status of the core investment regions in Southeast Asia, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.     

LADM-based profile for farmland Tripartite Entitlement System in China

Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has undergone a promotion of industrialisation, urbanisation and agricultural modernisation. This promotion has triggered the mass migration of rural labour forces into cities, leading to the virtual situation of the separation of farmland contract and operation rights. To respond to this issue, the central government proposed a strategy of farmland reform in China. Such reform aims to transform the former ‘Bipartite Entitlement System’ into a ‘Tripartite Entitlement System (TES)’.¹ Land registration provides the means for recognising formalised property rights and regulating the characteristics and transfer of land-related rights. As for farmland registration in China, it serves as a basis to explore effective forms of collective farmland ownership by implementing collective farmland ownership, stabilising farmers’ contract rights and liberalising farmland operation rights. Thus, in this study, on the basis of the farmland tripartite entitlement (hereinafter referred to as ‘FTE’) reform in China, we develop a Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)-based TES model that will serve as the basis of subsequent system development. Specifically, first, we summarise the evolution process of China’s farmland rights system since the foundation of new China. Second, we propose a farmland rights system after the FTE reform. Then, the corresponding TES model is developed based on the LADM standard and some instance-level diagrams for farmland administration activities. The new functionality of the model includes improved structuring of farmland rights and restrictions (and related source documents) and improved expansion of the land information infrastructure to rural areas.     

Tracking farmland investment in Australia: Institutional finance and the politics of data mapping

Tracking farmland purchases is central to interpreting transnational finance's growing power in agrarian restructuring. Australia's public Register of foreign land ownership reveals little about agrarian change, however. In presenting the first comprehensive mapping of farmland purchases made between 2008 and 2020, this paper examines the ways that financial investments are altering farm ownership patterns in Australia. First, we show that most foreign owned land has been purchased by only 10 pastoral companies, which are implicated in speculative development activities. Second, foreign investment in cropping and horticulture is more significant than it appears in the Register, with investments in agricultural infrastructure increasingly driving land use change. Third, we illustrate the deepening entrenchment of institutional finance. By engaging with the findings from our dataset as well as with the politics of data that have shaped the availability of information, the paper progresses understandings of the financialization of farmland in both its material and ideational aspects.     

粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿研究

粮食主产区担负着保障国家粮食安全的重任,农田水利是农业生产的基础。在新型城镇化背景下,妇女是农业生产的主要劳动力。粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿对确保粮食安全至关重要。结果表明,集体化、家庭化解决了分散、细碎农地的灌溉问题,乡村精英能降低农田水利市场化程度,男性青壮年劳动力可缓解农田水利的灌溉压力。"单打独斗"的灌溉管理模式不足以保障水田作物的季节性需求。农村教育、耕地面积、乡村精英管理有助于增进妇女参与农田灌溉管理的意愿。