城市规划中公众参与机制探讨——对“市民参与梯子”理论的再思考

公众参与是促进行政方案有效性的重要手段。本文借鉴“市民参与梯子”理论,从公众参与城市规划的运作层面,构建了一个范围广、层次深的公众参与机制,并详述了从普通公众的角度如何参与规划的决策、实施和评价过程。     

土地利用总体规划的公众参与研究

随着“以人为本”、“民主参与”等规划理念逐步融入我国规划体系,人们的公众参与意识逐步提高。本文即从公众参与土地利用总体规划的内涵入手,阐述了公众参与土地利用总体规划的现实意义,分析了当前我国公众参与土地利用总体规划的现状及其存在的问题,提出了我国公众参与土地利用总体规划的对策,以此为新一轮土地利用总体规划的修编工作提供参考。     

公众参与流域水污染防治机制初探

通过阐述我国流域水污染防治公众参与的现状及原因分析,结合在太湖流域的调查发现,认为构建流域水污染防治公众参与机制是实现更好公众参与的制度保障,并提出了完善公众参与的相关建议。     

公众参与城市绿地建设初探

阐明了城市绿地建设中的"公众参与"的基本概念,以及公众参与城市绿地建设的社会基础和理论基础,归纳总结了日本与中国公众参与绿地建设的经验,指出公众参与是实施城市绿地建设民主及发展生态文明的重要举措。     

基于MOA视角的公众参与河长制行为分析

为提高公众参与河长制行为,基于MOA理论构建公众参与河长制行为模型,分析公众参与河长制行为的影响因素及作用路径。结果表明：公众参与动机包括水资源需求、健康需求、主人翁责任感、自我实现需求,正向影响其参与行为;参与机会包括法律体系、参与机制、信息公开、物质奖励,正向影响其参与行为;参与能力包括专业知识能力、信息获取能力、沟通交流能力,正向影响其参与行为;参与机会对参与能力具有重要的正向影响,公众参与机会对参与行为影响最大,其次是参与能力,再次是参与动机。从保障公众参与机会、建立公众参与能力提升机制、激发公众参与动机3个方面提出提高公众参与行为的系统性建议。     

改善环境影响评价公众参与的对策探讨

公众参与是环境影响评价中的重要内容.针对当前在环境影响评价中公众参与形式、内容和效果,提出了公众参与存在的信息公开不足、形式范围有限及广泛性不够等问题.立足从事环境影响评价的工作经验和实际需要,从健全环境信息公开制度、扩大并完善公众参方式、加强媒体参与等方面提出了改善公众参与工作的一系列对策建议.     

土地整理公众参与的问题及对策研究

公众参与是提高土地整理规划合理性、实施有效性的重要保障.我国土地整理中的公众参与体现在项目可行性研究、规划设计、实施管理、项目影响评估等过程,存在的主要问题表现在:参与方式单一,参与结果对决策影响低,缺乏相关组织机构,以及沟通中和保障措施上存在的问题等.改进的对策是:编制详细的公众参与方案,成立公众参与代表会,构建公众参与体系,提高公众参与意识并培育公众参与能力.完善相关法规和制度,加强公众参与的激励与约束.     

试论土地利用规划中的公众参与

土地利用规划中的公众参与是在社会分层、公众需求多样化、利益集团介入的情况下采取的一种协调政策,强调公众对规划的参与、决策和管理.公众参与20世纪60年代起源于美国,70年代引入我国,由于起步晚,公众参与在我国尚处于萌芽和探索阶段,还有许多要改进的地方.今后要做的事是:提高公众参与意识,完善公众参与机制,采取多种形式使公众参与发挥实际效能.     

西方国家环境保护中的公众参与

公众参与环境保护是公众及其代表根据国家环境法律赋予的权利和义务,它兴起于西方发达国家,公众的广泛参与在西方国家的环境保护与环境改善过程中发挥了重要作用。西方国家的民主思想的传统、大力的环境宣传与环境教育以及法律的规范为公众参与环境保护提供了坚实的基础,美国、欧盟、日本、加拿大的公众参与环境保护方面表现出参与的主体的广泛性、参与方式的多样性和可行性及参与范围的深入与广泛性的特征,可供我国借鉴。     

土地征收的新公众参与边界讨论——基于台湾典型土地征收案例的分析

研究目的:分析比较公众参与在土地征收中的制度状态与实际操作,探讨土地征收程序中公众参与机制的构建与操作边界。研究方法:结合案例分析和制度经济学的理论方法,以台湾典型土地征收案中的公众参与为案例,建立由主体边界、权利边界、途径边界三要素组成的"新"公众参与边界分析框架。研究结果:结合公众参与制度在实际执行中的内生缺陷,解释现有公众参与机制下的冲突形成与演变路径,在微观层面提出并细化了新公众参与的制度分析评估框架。研究结论:制度化、可操作化土地征收的公众参与边界,建立利益相关者合作博弈决策机制,允许一定的弹性空间,有利于实现公共参与的阶梯式进步。     

Using IT approaches to promote public participation in renewable energy planning: Prospects and challenges

In response to recent policy initiatives and UK and European legislation there is increasing focus on alternative methodologies and procedures to encourage public participation in environmental planning. This paper is concerned with outlining those methodologies that involve the use of IT methods in enabling a possible consensus to be reached between participatory groups on decisions that may effect their local environment. Specifically, we focus on integrated approaches that involve the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques in facilitating public participation using the case study of the planning of wind farms. The introduction of renewable energy technologies can be a particularly contentious issue in some areas of the UK and we draw on a review of the use of such software tools in order to highlight their application within a decision support system framework. One area where there has been less input from potentially affected local communities or stakeholders relates to the use of computer-generated visualisations in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. We describe future research challenges facing those charged with encouraging participation in the siting of such facilities before re-iterating the policy relevance of this research given the UK governments’ stated commitment to the incorporation of public input into the decision-making process.     

土地利用规划中公众参与的必要性及现状研究

通过对土地利用规划中公众参与实施的必要性进行理论探讨,提出土地利用规划中公众参与的层次差异,分析土地利用规划中公众参与制度现状、实施现状和存在的不足.研究表明:土地利用规划中的公众参与具有层次性;当前土地利用规划中存在一定程度的参与过程,但总体上说尚处于起步阶段,问题较多.公众参与作为土地利用规划的重要组成部分,应尽快建立和健全相关法律制度,增加规划透明度和公开性,尊重和保障公民权利,改进和完善参与方法,重视公众的监督修改意见,实现土地利用规划由静态规划向动态规划的转移,保障区域的可持续发展.     

重大水利工程项目决策社会稳定风险评估中的公众参与博弈

为改善重大水利工程项目决策社会稳定风险评估中公众参与现状,从社会稳定风险评估3个主要利益主体——中央政府、地方政府与公众不同的利益诉求出发,运用演化博弈模型,探讨在不同利益诉求的相互作用下影响地方政府与公众在社会稳定风险评估中策略选择的因素。研究发现,当公众受到的损失大于参与付出的成本时,双方稳定均衡状态均表现积极,反之,双方可能均表现为消极或积极这两种截然不同的状态。基于此,分析了中央政府对地方政府和公众在社会稳定风险评估博弈中策略选择的影响。最后,提出应加大对地方政府的支持、规范公众参与相关制度、加大教育培训及宣传力度、创新公众参与方式几项政策建议。     

Landscapes with history: Addressing shortcomings in Swedish EIAs

Sixteen EU member states have ratified the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which works parallel to the EU's Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directives. The ELC defines landscape and emphasizes the importance of public dialogue and identifying, analysing, and assessing the landscape. Researchers are dissatisfied with how landscape is treated in EIAs; to address this, the paper focuses on the retrospective historical view, landscape change, and public participation. I reviewed ten Swedish road and railroad EIAs, noting deficiencies in how they describe and analyze landscape. Furthermore, efforts to make the landscape more comprehensible to the public in EIAs or consultations could be improved. These problems arise from professional planners’ lack of appropriate tools combined with their traditional working methods. Swedish researchers have stressed the lack of appropriate tools for describing and analyzing the landscape in EIAs. This paper presents an applied tool developed to improve visual understanding of the landscape's historical dimensions and how they change, focusing on visualization to facilitate public consultation. The tool also helps planners better harmonize new infrastructure with the surrounding landscape. The tool combines the matching of historical artworks and maps with current photographs and field visits, providing comprehensive “before” versus “now” overviews of landscapes.     

公众参与度对土地整治项目规划方案满意度的影响分析

研究目的:探究不同公众参与度对土地整治项目规划方案满意度的影响规律,为优化和改进公众参与机制,提高规划的满意度和可操作性提供依据。研究方法:实证研究,灰色关联度和有序回归(Ordered probit)模型分析法。研究结果:公众参与度对规划满意度有正向关联,总体上,A镇公众参与度高,规划满意度也高,满意比例比C镇高49.29个百分点;A镇公众参与度与满意度关联系数高于C镇,值域范围分别为0.270~0.788、0.203~0.672;不同公众参与度对规划满意度的显著性和边际效用不同。研究结论:公众参与是规划方案质量的重要保障,也是提高规划可操作性的前提条件,而公众对规划的满意度则是衡量公众参与效果的主要指标,可根据公众参与度对规划满意度的影响规律,优化和改进公众参与机制,提高规划满意度:(1)提高公众文化程度,加大耕地流转力度;(2)实行多元化公众参与主体;(3)提供便捷的公众参与渠道;(4)加大宣传力度,积极发挥各个社会组织的作用;(5)实行广泛地全程参与;(6)建立健全公众意见反馈机制等。     

EIA in the UK planning system

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) resulted from a growing concern at the increase in environmental degradation, and the realization of the necessity to assess the effects of human impacts on the environment. This article looks at the preparation of the directive on ‘the assessment of certain public and private projects on the environment’, and the resulting lists of projects for which an EIA would be required. The Department of the Environment is responsible for incorporating EIA into the UK planning system, and the authors look at the way in which the government has attempted to deal with this problem.     

Lost in participation: How local knowledge was overlooked in land use planning and risk governance in Tōhoku,Japan

This article aims to identify gaps in public participation in land use planning to improve risk governance, using the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) in 2011. Overreliance on technical information and on the opinion of experts is occurring side by side along with negligence of local knowledge and lack of effective public participation in decision-making, creating a sense of overconfidence regarding scientific knowledge and new infrastructure's abilities to withstand future disasters. Using the case study method in GEJE, our research identified three main overall gaps in participation. Firstly, a lot of local knowledge from previous experiences was not incorporated into land use plans in the region even after similar events in the past. Secondly, there was technical information that alerted to possible risks for land use in certain areas, but this information did not impede development in risk areas due to lack of effective participation in the land use planning processes. Finally, Japan allows participation in many land use planning process, but some of the most important decisions, such as on the sitting of nuclear plants had little or any local participation. Thus, strengthening public participation in land use by closing those three gaps could improve risk governance and resilience of localities to cope with large natural and technological disasters in the future.