信息能力对农户生态耕种采纳行为的影响 ——基于生态认知的中介效应和农业收入占比的调节效应

研究目的：考察信息能力对农户生态耕种采纳行为的直接影响，以及生态认知对信息能力影响生态耕种采纳行为的中介作用，并检测农业收入占比对生态认知影响农户生态耕种行为采纳的调节效应。研究方法：探索性因子分析，bootstrap有调节的中介方法。研究结果：（1）信息能力对测土配方施肥、有机肥、低毒低残留农药的施用行为有显著的正向影响，而对农膜回收行为的影响不显著。（2）生态认知在信息能力影响有机肥施用、低毒低残留农药施用和中高收入农户组的测土配方施肥过程中有显著的正向中介作用，而对低收入农户组的农膜回收行为有显著的负向中介作用。（3）农业收入占比在生态认知影响测土配方施肥、有机肥施用和农膜回收行为过程中有显著的正向调节作用，而影响低毒低残留农药施用过程中调节作用不显著。研究结论：提高农户信息能力，利用信息化带动生态农业发展；加强农村生态耕种的宣传教育，提升农户生态认知；重视农业收入水平的提高，防止收入差距过大。     

农资市场规范性感知对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳的影响

目的 农资市场经营的不规范极易引起农户对技术的认知偏差。为此探究农资市场规范性感知、技术认知和农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为间的关系,为明晰农户技术采纳行为机制提供借鉴。方法 文章通过二元Logit模型和中介效应模型,利用鄂、赣、浙3省790份水稻种植户的微观调研数据进行实证分析。结果 （1）农资市场规范性感知能促进农户测土配方施肥技术采纳,农户的农资市场规范性感知每提高一个单位,测土配方施肥技术采纳率将增加8.6%。（2）技术易用性认知对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为产生了正向影响,而技术有用性认知对农户测土配方肥技术采纳行为的影响则并不显著。（3）农户技术认知在农资市场规范性感知和测土配方施肥技术采纳行为之间发挥中介作用,农户的农资市场规范性感知不仅直接影响测土配方施肥技术采纳,还间接通过提升技术易用性认知,进一步促进农户测土配方施肥技术采纳。结论 对此,应加强测土配方肥市场监管,减少因市场经营不规范而引致的农户技术认知偏差,同时提高农户的技术易用性和有用性认知,促进测土配方施肥技术的推广应用。     

基层公共农技推广对农户技术采纳的影响——以水稻科技示范为例

本文利用11省份994户水稻种植户调查数据,在采用倾向得分匹配法克服农技推广内生性问题的基础上分析了基层公共农技推广对农户农业技术采纳的影响。研究发现,基层公共农技推广在一定程度上提升了农户的技术采纳水平,具有部分的溢出效应且不同经营规模的农户受益程度不同。相对于非示范村农户,基层公共农技推广显著提升了示范户测土配方施肥、秸秆还田和病虫害绿色防治技术的采纳水平,也显著提升了示范村非示范户测土配方施肥和秸秆还田技术的采纳水平,但并未显著提升其病虫害绿色防治技术的采纳水平;经营规模细分后的估计结果显示,基层公共农技推广对小规模经营农户技术采纳有显著的正向影响,对大规模经营农户技术采纳无显著影响。因此,应进一步提升基层公共农技推广的溢出效应,对于不同类型的农业技术要分类指导,且在推广对象选取时不应过分强调经营规模,对小规模经营农户也要给予充分关注。     

农户环境友好型耕地保护技术的采纳意愿与行为响应 ——基于江西省1 092户农户测土配方施肥技术应用的实证

研究目的：以测土配方施肥技术为例,剖析农户环境友好型耕地保护技术的采纳意愿与行为响应规律,为推广环境友好型耕地保护技术、提升耕地质量保护效果提供政策参考。研究方法：基于计划行为理论的结构方程模型。研究结果：（1）行为态度、主观规范和感知行为控制3方面变量均对农户技术采纳意愿有显著促进作用,其影响效应从大到小排序为：行为态度＞主观规范＞感知行为控制。（2）农户的生态理性、邻里之间的交流和示范、有效的技术培训和咨询指导服务都能更好地提升农户测土配方施肥技术应用意向。研究结论：（1）进一步加大生态保护宣传力度,提高广大农户的生态意识;（2）注重推广示范,发挥农户邻里之间的技术传播作用;（3）降低技术应用门槛,增强农户应用环境友好型耕地保护技术的能力。     

合作社参与对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳影响研究——基于标准化生产视角

本文基于收入最大化理论框架,以测土配方施肥技术为例,结合覆盖所有粮食主产区的微观调查数据,采用PSM模型实证分析了合作社参与对农户测土配方施肥技术的影响研究结果表明:(1)合作社参与有助于提升农户测土配方施肥技术采纳水平;(2)合作社不仅能够通过技术培训促使农户主动采纳测土配方施肥技术,更主要通过标准化生产让农户被动采纳测土配方施肥技术;(3)合作社促使参与经其销售农产品的农户采用测土配方施肥技术效果更显著;(4)合作社对小农户采用测土配方施肥技术的带动效果更明显。因此,要大力支持合作社发展,并不断提升合作社服务质量以及标准化生产水平,带动小农户参与绿色生产,实现农业可持续发展。     

组织嵌入如何影响果农绿色生产行为?——基于有调节的中介效应模型

文章基于陕西、山西、甘肃三省的607户苹果种植户调研数据,构建果农职业化水平指标体系,利用因子分析法测度果农职业化水平,并采用Bootstrap法实证检验组织嵌入对果农绿色生产行为的影响及其路径。研究结果表明:组织嵌入对果农测土配方施肥技术、物理防治技术采纳有显著的正向影响,而对水肥一体化技术采纳、生物防治技术采纳没有直接影响;职业化水平在组织嵌入影响果农水肥一体化技术采纳、中高收入果农组测土配方施肥技术、中低收入果农组生物防治技术采纳的过程中发挥正向中介作用;苹果收入占比在职业化水平影响果农测土配方施肥技术、生物防治技术采纳的过程中发挥正向调节作用。苹果产业组织应发挥其服务功能,加强绿色生产技术培训,进一步提升果农职业化水平。     

辽宁省农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为研究

利用辽宁省8个市县402个玉米种植农户的调查数据,运用二元logistic回归模型分析影响农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为的主要因素。研究发现,受教育程度、信息获取能力、种植收入占总收入比例、种植规模、技术认知、感知易用性、感知有用性、政府补贴、技术培训以及土地流转对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为有影响。基于研究结论,提出促进农户采纳测土配方施肥技术的政策建议。     

绿色农业技术农户采纳行为研究——以湖南、江西和江苏的农户调查为例

本研究以测土配方施肥技术为例,研究了农户绿色农业技术的采纳行为。结果表明:一是测土配方施肥技术的推广并未促使农户降低化肥的实际施用量,这主要是因为现行推广措施仅能促进农户采用配方肥,但未能促使农户进行科学施肥,而科学施肥是保证化肥减量的关键。二是农户是否采用配方肥主要受技术推广措施的影响,但其是否进行科学施肥主要受劳动力因素的约束,家庭农业劳动供给越多,农户越可能采取科学施肥。三是劳动力供给对技术推广存在调节效应,技术推广措施能显著促进家庭农业劳动供给充足的农户采取科学施肥。     

学习方式、风险偏好与农户环境友好型技术采纳——以测土配方施肥技术为例

基于海南省474个芒果种植户的调查数据,文章实证分析了学习方式、风险偏好对测土配方施肥技术采纳意愿的影响作用。结果表明:干中学与社会学习对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳意愿均有显著正向影响;风险偏好程度越高的农户测土配方施肥技术采纳意愿越强;学习方式与风险偏好对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳意愿存在交互影响,且干中学及推广服务能够强化风险偏好对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳意愿的影响。基于上述研究结果,文章从加大再教育和再培训投入、搭建技术学习交流平台、建立健全农业技术信息推广制度等角度提出推进农户环境友好型技术采纳的建议。     

农户绿色施肥行为形成机理研究——基于苹果种植户的微观调研

目的 农户作为化肥施用的主体，其绿色施肥采纳意愿和采纳行为受自身资本禀赋和外部环境的双重影响。系统分析农户绿色施肥行为的形成机理对农业领域加快实现“双碳”目标具有重要理论和现实意义。方法 文章基于山东省680份苹果种植户的实地调研微观数据，运用结构方程模型实证分析了资本禀赋、外部环境对农户绿色施肥行为的作用机理。结果 农户对新型肥料产品和新型施肥技术存在“高意愿、低行动”现象；表征资本禀赋的5个潜在变量均对绿色施肥采纳意愿具有显著正向影响，其影响大小为：社会资本＞经济资本＞物质资本＞人力资本＞自然资本；外部环境对绿色施肥采纳意愿和采纳行为均具有显著正向影响；采纳意愿显著正向影响采纳行为，且在资本禀赋、外部环境与采纳行为间起中介作用。结论 为鼓励农户的绿色施肥行为，应综合提升农户资本禀赋水平，强化对农户农业生产行为的监管和激励力度，建立健全绿色农业生产的宣传教育体系。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.