基于LUCC的庐江县生态系统服务功能价值变化

计算得到2013年安徽省单位面积生态系统服务功能价值表,估算2009~2013年庐江县土地生态系统服务价值,并分析土地利用/覆被变化对其生态服务价值的影响。研究表明:(1)土地利用/土地覆被变化主要表现为除耕地以外的非建设用地的减少,而建设占用是这种减少的最主要原因,尤以2012年度为甚。(2)生态系统服务总价值逐年递减,总减少量约为5490万元,年均减少约1373万元。其下降主因是水域、湿地、林地的减少。(3)生态系统服务功能价值主要集中在水域、耕地和林地之中。     

大庆市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

采用生态服务价值法对大庆市1996-2007年土地利用变化引起的生态服务价值变化进行了研究,结果表明土地利用类型面积变化为:草地耕地水域未利用地林地建设用地。耕地、林地、水域、建设用地呈增加态势,而其他地类则减少。其中水域增幅最大,达42.31%;牧草地减幅最大,达4.13%。11年间大庆市生态系统服务价值总量增加324506.61万元,主要得益于水域面积的增加,耕地、林地的增加对生态系统服务价值量的增加也起到了一定的作用。这表明大庆市生态建设取得了成效,生态环境质量有所提高。     

武汉市城区土地利用景观格局变化分析与模拟

基于1994年和2005年TM影像,在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,分析武汉市城区土地利用及景观格局变化特征,利用CA Markov模型预测研究区2016年土地利用景观格局.结果表明:研究期内耕地、草地和水域大面积减少,建设用地和林地则以较快速度增加,末利用地有所减少.景观格局变化呈现出"破碎度增加、多样性和均匀度微减、优势度微增"的特征.预计到2016年,耕地和水域将继续大面积减少,建设用地仍将以较大幅度扩展,林地增加速度趋缓.     

大连旅顺区土地利用及地表温度时空分异研究

伴随着城市空间的快速扩展,土地利用发生巨大转变,城市气候和生态环境问题日益突出。本文以大连旅顺区为例,基于2005年和2016年两期数据,单窗算法进行地表温度反演,并通过GIS空间分析方法,探讨旅顺区土地利用及地表温度时空分异特征。2005-2016年,旅顺区建设用地、水域面积呈增加趋势,面积分别增加了9.51 km2、13.19 km2;耕地、林草地及其他用地呈减少趋势;11年间,旅顺区地表温度整体逐渐升高;各用地的地表温度呈现出“建设用地和其他用地>耕地和园地>林草用地和水域”状态。     

城市硬化对土地利用/覆盖及城市热岛效应影响研究——以长沙市为例

为探明城市硬化对土地利用/覆盖及城市热岛效应的影响,本文以长沙市为研究案例,借助1990年、2006年的TM数据和2000年、2001年、2005年、2008年的ETM+数据,利用ENVI、Arc GIS软件,分析了长沙市1990-2000-2006年的土地利用时空变化以及2001-2005-2008年城市温度的变化情况。结果表明:城市硬化面积增加,造成建设用地面积持续快速增长,草地和耕地大规模减少;城市高温区与城市建设区轮廓基本一致,建设用地扩张是城市热岛强度增强的主要贡献因素,而植被和水域有效降低当地温度,城市硬化加剧了城市热岛效应。     

基于碳储量视角的城镇土地利用模式与生态效益分异特征

研究目的:探析不同土地利用模式下碳储量的空间差异特征,为优化城镇土地利用及其生态效益提供参考。研究方法:InVEST碳储量修正模型、归一化不透水地表指数(NDISI)和层次聚类分析。研究结果:(1)2014年北京市三山五园地区碳储量为23.31×10~4 t,单位土地面积平均碳储量32.28 t/hm~2;各街道碳储量差异明显。(2)以NDISI变化率表征土地利用开发强度,1992-2014年间上地街道开发强度最高,青龙桥街道(颐和园)开发强度最低。(3)该区各街道碳储量与其区位、用地结构及开发建设模式密切相关,开发建设活动并非一定会降低城镇土地碳汇能力。研究结论:土地利用模式影响城镇土地碳储能力,加强城镇土地利用模式与生态效益研究,有助于合理制定城镇土地利用政策。     

山东省土地利用变化的基本特征与区域差异

本文基于1990、2000、2010和2015年山东省的四期Landsat TM遥感影像,采用目视解译方法,对山东省的土地利用类型进行人工解译得到四个时期的土地利用数据库,运用单一土地利用动态度来描述土地类型的变化强度,利用ArcGIS空间分析功能计算各土地利用类型之间的转移矩阵,从而分析山东省土地利用类型的转移特征与区域差异。结果显示,(1)1990-2015年,山东省耕地面积不断减少,主要向建设用地、水域、林地转变;城镇建设用地面积不断上升且呈“东中集中,西北西南相对少”的趋势;农村居民点用地面积增长较快的主要特点是“西北西南增幅大,自东向西蔓延”,面积增长较快;天然湖泊等水域面积向人工水域面积转变,变化最大为南四湖;(2)土地利用动态度变化较大,整体来看,建设用地变化最大,其次是水域、耕地和未利用地;(3)土地利用变化原因主要在于经济驱动、市场导向和政策调控。其中,经济驱动因素主要在耕地—建设用地转换中最为明显,市场导向更多地影响了土地利用类型内部的相互转换,而政策调控直接影响了耕地—林地的相互变化。     

区域土地利用/覆被时空动态变化研究——以四川省金堂县为例

土地利用/覆被变化动态监测是掌握土地资源数量、进行土地利用评价的重要依据。基于遥感和GIS技术提取金堂县2001、2007、2010和2013年4期土地利用变化信息,并应用模型对研究区土地利用时空变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)土地利用类型以耕地和林地为主,建设用地和林地的单一土地利用动态度为正,面积显著增加;耕地、草地、水体和其他的土地利用动态度为负,面积减少;综合土地利用动态度由6.12%增加到13.81%,土地利用变化强烈。(2)土地利用空间变化显著,土地利用空间变化主要发生在金堂县城、赵镇、三星镇和淮口镇等地;土地利用转化明显,耕地和建设用地的变化最强烈,建设用地、耕地和林地之间的相互转化尤其显著。(3)地形因子对土地利用变化具有较大影响,土地利用变化随高程、坡度的增加而减少,且表现较强的相关性,符合二次变化曲线的特征;阳坡较阴坡对土地利用变化的影响大。这一研究结果为区域土地利用评价提供重要依据,有利于实现土地利用的合理布局和调控管理,对区域土地资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。     

基于GIS的辽河三角洲土地利用动态变化研究

本文以2000年、2009年和2013年辽河三角洲地区土地利用数据为基础,采用动态度、土地利用程度指数,研究13年间研究区土地利用动态变化特点。结果表明:(1)建设用地、耕地增加显著,未利用地、林草地和水域呈减少趋势;(2)土地利用程度得到显著提升,沿海湿地景观遭到一定程度的破坏。     

乌鲁木齐土地利用碳排放强度时空演变研究

[目的]土地利用二氧化碳排放强度是土地低碳利用的重要指标,对其时空调控是协同促进城市二氧化碳排放总量达峰的重要路径。[方法]文章研究基于乌鲁木齐市2005年和2012年1km高空间分辨率排放网格数据(CHRED)和土地利用矢量数据,采用GIS空间分析法,探讨乌鲁木齐市7个城区土地利用二氧化碳排放强度的时空演变特征。[结果](1)从时间上看,乌鲁木齐市7个城区的土地利用变化整体表现为"5增2减"的现象;二氧化碳排放总量从3 431.49万t上升到5 147.96万t,其中以城镇村及工矿用地二氧化碳排放增长最大,由2005年的2 885.15万t增加到2012年的4 139.15万t。(2)从空间上来看,城市向北部和东南部扩展明显,未利用地和耕地迅速减少,城市扩展区的二氧化碳排放量有明显增加;中心城区和城市扩展区二氧化碳排放强度上升最快。(3)从土地利用转移上看,土地利用结构的变化明显,整体呈现草地、耕地和未利用地向城镇村及工矿用地、交通用地、园林地和水域等类型转移。草地、耕地和未利用地向城镇村及工矿用地转移导致的碳排放强度增长最显著,均超过700万t/万hm~2。[结论]绿洲城市不同的土地利用类型二氧化碳排放强度时空差异较为显著,其中城镇村及工矿用地扩张是导致二氧化碳排放增长的主要原因之一。因此,合理控制绿洲城市扩张规模,优化城市用地布局,建立土地利用二氧化碳排放强度核算体系与综合调控政策,将是促进低碳城市建设的重要路径。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。