我国省际间农民收入不平等与收入变动分析

本文用基尼系数和泰尔指数测算了1983—2003年我国省际间农民的收入不平等,并按收入来源对基尼系数及其变动进行了分解,按不同区域对泰尔指数进行了分解,最后使用收入转换矩阵度量了收入变动程度,从而考察收入不平等的时间依赖性。结论是从收入构成上看,省际间农民收入不平等主要表现为工资性收入的不平等,收入不平等的扩大主要源于收入结构效应;从区域上看,农民收入不平等主要表现为东中西三大区域间的收入不平等,且收入不平等的扩大带有越来越强的时间依赖性。     

中国农村收入不平等：运用农户数据的回归分解

关于中国收入不平等及其增长趋势，已有大量研究报道，但对促使这一趋势产生的原因的定量分析却很少。传统分析是通过对组成因素或小部分居民的研究来提供很有限的关于收入不平等的决定因素。本文构建了运用农户数据的回归分解框架来研究中国农村收入不平等。研究发现：地理位置是影响收入不平等的突出因素，但对于解释收入不平等总量并不是很重要；资本在收入不平等中显出很重要的作用。农业结构比劳动力和其他投入更能解释导致整个农村出现收入不平等这一现象。     

中国农村居民区域收入不平等的变动与分解——基于生产要素角度

本文采用1988-2005年农村居民收入省级面板数据，应用方差分解技术，将农民区域收入不平等分解为各生产要素和全要素生产率的贡献。研究发现，对农民区域收入不平等扩大贡献由大到小的顺序是：物质资本〉人力资本〉全要素生产率〉土地，因此，政府要平抑日益加剧的农村区域收不平等，从加大对中西部地区的物质资本投资入手将效果显著。     

禀赋差异还是分配不公?——基于财产及财产性收入城乡差距的分布分解

本文采用中国家庭金融调查数据对城乡之间的财产不平等、金融资产不平等和财产性收入不平等分别进行了测算,并采用分布分解方法对城乡差异背后的因素进行了剖析。研究表明,无论是城乡内部还是城乡之间,财产、金融资产和财产性收入各自的不平等都非常高,样本基尼系数超过了0.6;分布分解表明,高分位上财产、金融资产和财产性收入的城乡差距有47%以上是由于不可解释因素导致,说明高分位上的分配不公更加严重。应构建促进农村居民财产积累和财产性收入增长的互动机制,防止城乡差距进一步扩大。     

教育投入与健康不平等:来自中国健康与营养调查数据的证据

本文研究教育影响农村居民健康不平等的作用机制。基于中国健康与营养调查数据,本文综合利用分位数回归、反事实分析和Machado and Mata(2005)的分解方法,将两个不同时期教育对农村居民健康不平等的影响分解为三个部分:教育对农村居民健康的边际影响的作用,教育自身分布的作用以及其他变量的影响。其中教育对健康的边际影响的变化将加剧健康不平等,而教育分布的改变即农村居民整体教育水平的提高,将有助于降低健康不平等程度。因此,加大农村教育的公共投资在提高农民素质的同时,将有助于改善农村健康不平等状况。     

农户创业加剧了农户收入不平等吗——基于RIF回归分解的视角

乡村振兴战略背景下探讨农户创业对农户收入不平等的影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文首先构建一个理论模型探讨农户创业对农户收入不平等的影响,其次运用无条件分位数回归以及再中心化影响函数回归分解实证考察农户创业对农户收入不平等的影响和作用机制。研究结果表明:(1)农户创业的增收效应具有异质性:农业创业对农户有显著增收效应,且随农户收入水平的提高而增加;非农创业仅对中高收入农户具有增收效应。(2)农户创业加剧了农户收入不平等。收入分解结果表明:结构效应是造成农业创业农户和不创业农户收入不平等的主因,特征效应是造成非农创业农户和不创业农户收入不平等的主因。(3)分解特征效应和结构效应表明:社会资本和物质资本的特征差异和特征回报率差异是造成创业农户与不创业农户收入不平等的主要要素。     

易地扶贫搬迁、生计资本与农户收入不平等——来自陕南的证据

"十三五"易地扶贫搬迁既强调精准脱贫,又要避免落入"政策陷阱",在消除绝对贫困的同时谨防农户收入不平等导致的相对贫困风险。本文利用2015年的陕南入户调查数据,建立农户收入决定模型,探索农户收入水平的影响因素,并基于夏普利值过程进行收入不平等的回归分解,量化了各因素在不收入不平等上对收入不平等的贡献程度。结果表明,搬迁政策有效破解了"一方水土养不起一方人"的发展困境,在实现贫困户有效增收的同时也在一定程度加剧了低收入群体的收入差距;五大生计资本对农户收入水平的影响及收入不平等的贡献度也不尽相同,生计资本在不同收入水平上对收入不平等的影响通过政策因素得以强化。本文为后续加强精准施策和精细管理提供启示。     

1985～2002年中国农村地区收入不平等:趋势、起因和政策含义

本文描述了1985～2002年中国农村地区间收入不平等的变化趋势。本文把中国划分为东、中、西三个地带，将总的收入不平等分解成地带内的不平等和地带间的不平等，并采用以回归为基础的分解框架，考察了中国农村地区收入差距不断扩大的根本原因。研究发现：中国农村地区收入不平等在不断扩大，且地带间不平等的扩大速度要大于地带内不平等的扩大速度；从上世纪90年代中期以后，地带间收入不平等的贡献率一直保持在60％左右；尽管地理及其相关因素对总不平等的贡献在下降，但直至2002年其影响仍为最大；资本存量对不平等的贡献率不断上升，到本世纪初已高达20％以上；人力资本和农村工业化对不平等的贡献相当，且呈下降趋势；住户人口对缩小收入差距有益，但其影响甚微。     

收入结构、收入不平等与农村家庭贫困

本文采用中国家庭追踪调查项目2010年和2014年的数据,通过对贫困指标的测算和分解,研究发现:农村家庭贫困发生率在下降,但贫困深度和贫困强度趋于恶化;收入分配的不平等恶化了贫困状况,对贫困的影响效应增大。基于不平等的收入结构分解,研究发现:工资性收入对农村家庭总收入不平等的贡献最高,以下依次是经营性收入、转移性收入和财产性收入;工资性收入主要集中于高收入组家庭,而家庭经营性收入主要集中于贫困等低收入组家庭。基于收入和不平等的回归分解,研究发现:包括自然生态条件等村庄特征变量、家庭人口结构等家庭特征变量、户主受教育水平和健康状况等个体特征变量,对家庭总收入、不同来源收入和收入不平等都存在有差别的影响。未来扶贫工作的难度增大,在构建公平收入分配体系的同时,要基于精准扶贫的理念,因地制宜、因户因人而异,采取有差别的扶贫措施。     

农村劳动力市场的工资不平等

本文根据中国居民收入分配课题组2013年和2018年的两次住户调查数据,测算了农村劳动力市场上的工资差距及跨期变化.本文发现,从收入决定方程来看,农村教育回报率较低,工作特征是影响农村居民工资的最主要因素.基于G·Fields分解发现,工作特征、区域、个体特征和家庭背景对总体工资不平等的解释力度依次下降.对于人群间工资...     

改革开放以来江苏省区域差异测度分析——基于基尼系数与泰尔指数的比较研究

基于基尼系数与泰尔指数测度方法,对江苏省1978～2004年人均GDP、人均农业总产值、人均城乡居民储蓄存款和人均社会商品零售总额等4方面指标的区域差异进行测度分析得出,除人均农业生产总值外,其余3项指标的基尼系数与泰尔系数皆反映出江苏区域差异呈扩大态势;二者测度江苏省区域差异演变趋势相一致;江苏省区域差异主要表现为生活水平的区域差异,即江苏省生活水平的区域差异超出生产水平的区域差异。     

Variability in agricultural productivity and rural household consumption inequality: Evidence from Nigeria and Uganda

This paper uses multiple rounds of panel data to assess the distributional implications of the variability in agricultural productivity in Nigeria and Uganda. It uses both a conventional decomposition and a regression‐based inequality decomposition approach to estimate the impact of climate‐induced variability in agricultural productivity. To mitigate the endogeneity associated with unobserved time‐invariant and time‐variant household fixed effects, we use rainfall shocks as a proxy for estimating the exogenous variability in agricultural productivity that affects consumption. Results suggest that a 10% increase in the variability of agricultural productivity tends to decrease household consumption by 38 and 52% on average for Nigeria and Uganda, respectively. Controlling for other factors, variability in agricultural productivity contributed to between 25% and 43% of consumption inequality between 2010 and 2015 for Nigeria; and 16% and 31% of consumption inequality between 2009 and 2011 for Uganda. We also show that variability in agricultural productivity increases changes in consumption inequality over time.     

Changes in regional inequality in rural China: decomposing the Gini index by income sources

A new method is proposed to decompose inequality changes as measured by the Gini index into structural effects, real inequality effects and interactive effects. Application of the method to updated Chinese data reveals that structural effects represent the driving force underlying the increasing trend in regional income inequality in rural China. Policy implications are explored. In addition to these contributions, considerable efforts are made to construct the income data used in the article. Pitfalls in measuring income inequality in rural China are discussed.     

中国农村居民收入分配中的机会不平等：2013—2018年

消除机会不平等,解决收入分配不公是构建体现公平与效率分配体系的重要举措。本文利用CHIP2013年和2018年数据对农村机会不平等问题进行研究,研究发现,第一,研究期内的农村居民收入机会不平等程度出现小幅下降,从2013年的24.4%下降到2018年的22.2%。第二,异质性分析显示,女性相对于男性,青壮年劳动力相对于老年劳动力,贫困县相对于非贫困县,机会不平等更为严重。第三,性别歧视对机会不平等贡献度最高,其次是年龄和区域(贫困县)因素,家庭环境影响最低。第四,农村机会不平等的间接渠道效应有所提高。女性主要面临与教育不公平相关的间接效应,男性主要受非竞争市场环境影响。第五,贫困县就业间接渠道效应跨期下降,据此推测国家"精准扶贫"政策有助于缓解由非竞争市场带来的就业机会不公问题。     

Assessing the Impact of Direct Payments Convergence on Farm Income Inequality: The Case of Italian Farms

Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of the convergence process of direct payments (DPs) on farm income inequality. The analysis uses the Gini coefficient concept and its decomposition on the FADN Italian sample in 2014 and 2019 to assess the impact of the DPs reform in Italy. Results of the analysis show that a marginal increase in direct payments will reduce income concentration. However, a shift of resources toward mountain areas could occur. The results of the analysis have some policy implications regarding the application of the convergence mechanism of the CAP in Italy: in fact, the convergence process leads to a redistribution of resources in favour of mountain areas. These results could feed the debate on the future of CAP direct payments after 2020, when the cut or, at least, the reduction of DPs could increase income concentration.     

High growth and rising inequality in Kerala since the 1980s

Over the last three decades, the state of Kerala in South India has witnessed fast-paced growth, with the highest recorded inequality (in 2009–2010) among all the states in India; however, its human development indicators remain the highest in India. This marks a departure from the well-known development trajectory of Kerala – famously known as the Kerala model – of low growth and moderate inequality with high human development indicators. We conduct GDP and growth decomposition, inequality decomposition and a Marxian class analysis of the National Sample Survey data from Kerala in order to understand these recent phenomena. While the notion that economic liberalization adopted by the state and central governments is the main cause of this new state of affairs is generally valid, we provide a more nuanced account of the causal structures based on class analysis and the impact of outward labour migration to the Persian Gulf.     

Public investment and regional inequality in rural China

This paper develops a method for decomposing the contributions of various types of public investment to regional inequality and applies the method to rural China. Public investments are found to have contributed to production growth in both the agricultural and rural non‐agricultural sectors, but their contributions to regional inequality have differed by type of investment and the region in which they are made. All types of investment in the least‐developed western region reduce regional inequality, whereas additional investments in the coastal and central regions worsen regional inequality. Investments in rural education and agricultural R&D in the western region have the largest and most favorable impacts on reducing regional inequality.     

碳中和目标下我国绿色水电碳减排效率评价

以全国30个省级行政区为研究对象,采用超效率SBM模型测算2010—2019年绿色水电碳减排效率,分析比较了区域差异;采用泰尔指数计算区域内和区域间差距及其对总体差距的贡献度,并采用Malmquist指数对效率进行分解分析。结果表明:我国绿色水电碳减排效率西部最高,中部次之,东部最低;效率的区域内差距高于区域间差距,且东部各省发展差距对总体差距的贡献最大;除规模效率外,其余效率均上升。建议我国应合理布局水电开发,重视省际互补协作,扩大水电规模。     

集体林区农户收入不平等状况分析——基于辽宁省林改农户调查数据

根据辽宁省5个县3年农户数据的洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数的结果,判断出调查区农户收入差距在加大。文章运用Shapley值计算调查区农户收入结构对收入不平等状况的影响,结果显示,造成农户收入差距的主要因素是非农工作以及农民的教育水平,林改对农户收入的影响主要是通过对农户造林或是转出行为起作用的结果,林改为农户创造了较为公平的多样的收入渠道。     

Consumption inequality between farm and nonfarm households in Taiwan: a decomposition analysis of differences in distribution

Consumption has been recognized as a more reliable indicator of household well‐being than income. Although a considerable body of literature has examined income inequality between farm and nonfarm households, little is known about inequality in consumption. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating consumption disparity between farm and nonfarm households. Using a nationally representative household survey from Taiwan, we apply an unconditional quantile regression‐based decomposition method to decompose the differences in the distribution of household expenditure between these farm and nonfarm households. The results indicate that differences in the observed characteristics between these two types of households explain most of the consumption inequality. Moreover, the difference in the education level of the farm operator, household income, and the degree of urbanization are particularly important.