农村生活垃圾管理服务现状及相关因素研究——基于5省101个村的实证分析

基于2011年全国5省101个村的实地调查数据,本文对农村生活垃圾管理服务现状及相关因素进行了整体考察。研究发现,农村生活垃圾管理服务水平较低且不全面,随着垃圾管理流程(收集设施—收集人—运输—处理)的递进,拥有服务的村庄比例依次减少。数据显示,只有一半的村庄拥有垃圾收集设施,不到一半的村庄拥有垃圾收集人服务,29%的村庄拥有垃圾运输服务,仅有10%的村庄拥有垃圾集中分类处理服务。地区间的垃圾管理服务存在显著差异。就垃圾收集和运输服务而言江苏远超过其他省份;但对于垃圾集中分类处理服务上则四川最高。农民年人均收入和村庄交通便利状况是影响垃圾管理服务的主要影响因素。     

压煤村庄搬迁与"挂钩流转"政策相结合时的问题及对策研究——以兖州市为例

研究目的:在建设用地指标异常紧张的情况下,为顺利推进压煤村庄搬迁提供途径。研究方法:资料综合分析法、对比法和实证分析法。研究结果:压煤村庄搬迁与"挂钩流转"政策相结合时存在4大难题,提出了解决方法。研究结论:压煤村庄搬迁与"挂钩流转"政策相结合是可行的。但应适当放宽周转指标归还时间和对耕地数量质量的要求,优先开采能复垦出耕地的村庄下的煤炭资源,尽快归还挂钩周转指标。     

桐庐:规划引领破解农民建房难

正过去,浙江省桐庐县的农村宅基地存在"无规划、乱审批、缺监管、未批先建多、建新不拆旧"5个方面的突出问题。为了解决这些问题,浙江省桐庐县出台政策、规范审批、强化监管、保障用地,最终实现了"3年~5年基本解决无房户、危房户"的总体工作目标。规划引领村庄建设桐庐县从严控制村庄人均建设用地指标,科学分配、节约利用宅基地资源。新规划的农民居     

整治建筑垃圾亟须堵疏结合

正城市的大拆大建,以及城镇化快速推进,产生了大量的建筑垃圾,而处理这些垃圾的手段和观念又非常传统,从而形成今天建筑垃圾"围城"的局面。据中国建筑垃圾资源化产业技术创新战略联盟统计的数据显示,近几年中国每年建筑垃圾的排放总量高达数十亿吨,占城市垃圾的比例约为40%,建筑垃圾"围城"隐疾,日益成为城市发展的痛点。(1月17日《民主与法制时报》)改革开放三十多年来,中国经济一直在跑步前进,每天都发     

建筑垃圾管理的困境

建筑业在我国的GDP中占有举足轻重的地位.由于工业化、城市化进程的加速,建筑业迅猛发展,由此产生了数量巨大的建筑垃圾.建筑垃圾资源化具有可操作性,建筑垃圾管理的重要性也显而易见,建筑垃圾循环再利用也具有经济可行性,但为何在我国建筑垃圾仍只停留在理论研究阶段？本文对建筑垃圾管理的困境进行分析.     

陕西省龙草坪林业局森林碳汇价值评析

分析了森林碳汇的基础理论,阐述了森林碳汇价值的估算方法,对陕西省龙草坪林业局的森林碳汇进行了测算并展望了其意义及应用前景。研究可为评价森林生态效益、探讨森林碳汇融资提供理论依据和参考价值。     

我国当前煤炭资源的运输调配及优化问题研究

煤炭是我国的主导能源 ,合理确定煤炭资源的运输路线和运输量 ,对于缓解我国较为紧张的交通状况、降低煤炭的使用成本等都具有重要意义。本文通过对我国主要煤炭产地和主要煤炭消费省份的合理分析 ,以实际数据为依据 ,运用Mapinfo、lingo等分析运算工具 ,建立了我国煤炭优化运输模型 ,求出了其最优解 ,并据此进行了必要的分析 ,可为我国煤炭的合理调配决策提供重要的参考。     

白洋淀上游农村生活垃圾处理存在问题及治理措施研究

随着经济发展和人口增多,白洋淀上游农村地区的生活垃圾大幅增加,种类也变得越来越多,大量垃圾带来的环境问题威胁着当地村民的健康。通过调查白洋淀上游农村地区生活垃圾的处理情况,分析当地在垃圾处理方面存在的问题,提出了相应的解决措施,为相关部门提供参考。     

从森林环境经济核算看林业对国民经济的贡献——《联合国粮农组织林业环境与经济核算指南》案例研究

以吉林省吉林市丰满区和蛟河市为案例,运用联合国粮农组织《林业环境与经济核算指南》,对林地和林木资产实物量与价值量、林产品及森林环境服务价值流量核算;估算森林为国民经济其他部门及区域提供的产品和服务价值;通过120户农户家庭抽样调查估算森林为农户家庭带来的产品价值和收入。核算结果较为客观、准确地反映了林业对国民经济和社会发展的贡献,可为制定有利于林业可持续经营的政策提供参考。     

对建立煤田地质勘查基金的浅见

通过33年的统计资料,对煤炭产量与煤炭资源勘查费之间、煤炭产量与煤炭部地质队伍基建投资之间、煤炭部地质队伍的地质经费与基建投资之间的相关关系进行分析、计算回归方程,并归纳出吨煤产量应计提的煤炭资源勘查费和基建役资,即计提煤田地质勘查基金公式。探讨了基金的提取方法,实施步骤、使用方向、投放和管理的方式及对谋田地质工作改革的影响趋势。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.