供需视域下森林碳汇研究综述与展望

随着全国碳交易市场启动以及碳汇造林再造林项目的开展,如何有效推进森林碳汇供需对接已成为森林碳汇研究普遍关注的重要议题。文章从供需视角出发系统地梳理森林碳汇研究前沿观点与成果。研究表明:森林碳汇发挥经济、社会与生态三重效益,对区域经济发展和地区扶贫作用凸显;"京都规则"下森林碳汇需求动力不足,以制度创新助推碳排放企业森林碳汇需求急需探讨;我国森林碳汇供给潜力巨大,森林碳汇供给主体纵向一体化和科学的碳汇计量方法是森林碳汇供给基础条件;森林碳汇市场构建与森林资源可持续经营问题值得思考。     

龙江森工林区森林固碳量核算及碳汇潜力评价

基于森林蓄积量换算因子法与灰色预测GM(1,1)模型,对龙江森工林区森林固碳量和碳汇潜力进行核算与预测。结果表明:天保工程的实施和重点国有林区全面停止商业性采伐对森工林区的碳汇效果产生重大影响。截至2015年天保工程累计增汇2.85 Tg(1 Tg=1012g);到2020年,停伐政策支持下新增碳汇1.27 Tg。龙江森工林区现有森林碳储量为986 Tg,2030年碳储量将达到1 158 Tg,碳汇潜力巨大。     

天保工程碳汇效果评价——以黑龙江森工林区为例

首先在充分肯定天保工程生态、经济和社会效益的同时,分析了该生态工程的碳汇功能和价值;其次运用森林碳密度法对2007年工程范围内的黑龙江重点国有森工林区的森林总碳储量进行了测算,结果表明:2007年森工林区的森林总碳储量为2 253Tg,天保工程的森林总碳储量大约为11.142 Gt,天保工程的森林总碳储量占到全球总碳储量的0.45%,天保工程的碳储量巨大,碳汇潜力十分明显;最后,对天保工程未来在国内外林业碳汇贸易、增强国家气候谈判话语权、提升国家竞争力等方面的作用进行了初探,提出了二期天保工程在公益林建设等方面的相关建议。     

西部地区森林碳汇供给可持续发展机制研究

森林碳汇是缓解全球变暖的重要手段之一,森林碳汇交易具有巨大的潜在经济价值。西部地区森林资源丰富,蕴含丰富的森林碳汇。通过分析我国及各地区森林资源现状,探讨了西部地区森林碳汇供给潜力及面临的困境。结合存在的问题,构建了西部森林碳汇可持续发展机制的框架体系,并从森林碳汇持续供给角度建立了森林资源储备与碳汇持续供给的激励机制模式、林业现代化建设与碳汇产权和储量明晰的市场保障机制模式、森林碳汇公共产品供需平衡的政府宏观管理机制模式,系统阐释了各模式中的要素,提出了建设发展西部碳汇功能区的建议。     

黑龙江省森林碳汇潜力分析

森林所具有的碳汇功能决定了林业生产在生态保护和生态建设工作中具有特殊重要的地位。本文在分析“后京都时代”森林碳汇问题及黑龙江省森林碳汇特殊性的基础之上,结合黑龙江省林业发展现状及发展规划,运用森林碳汇基本理论,提出了森林蓄积量扩展法,首次对黑龙江省森林碳汇容量和碳汇潜力进行了计算分析。计算结果表明:黑龙江省现有森林碳汇储量为17.38亿t,碳汇潜力巨大。     

森林碳汇:后京都时代减排的重要途径

分析指出森林碳汇较其他减排措施具有潜力大、易操作、见效快、成本低、对经济增长影响小、居民福利高的独特优越性,必将受到国家气候变化应对措施选择的青睐。同时指出,森林碳汇不但包括换取排放中的造林和再造林的碳汇项目,而且包括抵消排放中的增加的森林碳库。分析国际气候变化谈判的焦点难点,指出森林碳汇必将成为后京都时代减排的重要途径之一。     

林业碳汇对江苏省林业产业结构的影响分析

采用定量分析,以《全国林业统计资料》、《中国林业统计年鉴》及江苏省历次森林资源连续清查的的数据,进行多元线性回归分析,研究森林碳储量对江苏省林业产业结构的影响。研究表明:江苏省森林碳储量与江苏省林业第一、三产业产值存在负相关性,与江苏省林业第二产业产值存在正相关性。提出了江苏省林业部门应尽快推进林业碳汇项目试点,推动林业碳汇交易市场建立,提高林业碳汇项目对碳排放量的抵消额,要重视林业企业的作用等建议。     

浙江省林业局发布“碳汇造林十大主推树种”

<正>近日,浙江省碳汇造林十大主推树种(简称“十大碳汇树种”)发布,包括木荷、樟树、杉木、枫香、浙江樟、青冈、栎树、楠木、栲树、柏木等。为贯彻落实党的二十大提出的提升生态系统碳汇能力决策部署,增强我省森林固碳效能、增加森林碳储量,省林业局组织开展“百名专家评选碳汇造林十大主推树种”活动,从具备固碳能力强、适应性好、种苗有保障、造林技术成熟等四个条件的树种中进行评选,经118名专家投票后确定“浙江省碳汇造林十大主推树种”。据测算,这十大树种中等立地条件20年生每公顷碳储量可达80—190吨。     

山东省碳排放时空格局及其与经济增长相关性分析

基于《山东省统计年鉴》,核算2000~2010年间山东省及17个省辖市能源消费、农田系统碳排放量、森林草地碳汇量。选取人均碳排放量、碳排放强度等指标,利用基尼系数,结合GIS空间分析法分析山东碳排放的时空规律,并利用库兹涅茨曲线分析经济增长对碳排放格局的影响。研究表明：山东省碳排放量随时间变化呈较为明显的上升趋势,其中能源排放比重较大,区域之间存在明显的差异,呈现出中间高边缘低的分布特征;人均GDP与碳排放强度之间存在线性相关关系,呈倒U型曲线。     

森林碳汇经济的现状与发展

加快森林碳汇经营工作的推进,使碳汇和温室气体排放权交易得到发展,能够有效应对碳汇事业的发展。为此,以森林碳汇工作为研究的主要内容,通过对国内外的经营状况进行阐述,相继从宣传力度、可持续管理方式及造林抚育工作的开展方面提出了具体的策略和意见,以促进森林碳汇价值,实现生态建设绿色发展。     

Designing afforestation subsidies that account for the benefits of carbon sequestration: A case study using data from China's Loess Plateau

This paper presents a method for determining the subsidy required to motivate farmers to participate in timber afforestation programs designed to maximize social well-being. The method incorporates a carbon sequestration benefit function into the land expected value model in order to quantify the social benefit arising from carbon sequestration by the planted trees. This is used to calculate the optimal rotation age for newly planted forests that maximizes social utility. The minimum subsidy required to motivate farmers to participate in the afforestation program was calculated using a modified decision model that accounts for the subsidy's impact. The maximum subsidy offered by the government was taken to be the NPV of the carbon sequestration achieved by afforestation. Data on Robinia pseudoacacia L. trees planted on the Loess Plateau were used in an empirical test of the model, which in this case predicts an optimal subsidy of 254.38 yuan/ha over 40 years. This would guarantee the maintenance of forest on land designated for afforestation until they reached the socially optimal rotation age. The method presented herein offers a new framework for designing afforestation subsidy programs that account for the environmental service (specially, the carbon sequestration) provided by forests.     

Not seeing the carbon for the trees? Why area-based targets for establishing new woodlands can limit or underplay their climate change mitigation benefits

Area-based targets for afforestation are a frequent and prominent component of policy discourses on forestry, land use and climate change emissions abatement. Such targets imply an expected contribution of afforestation to the net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, yet the nature of afforestation undertaken and its geographical distribution means that there is considerable uncertainty over the eventual emission reductions outcomes. This uncertainty is reduced if the net carbon balance is calculated for all potential afforestation sites, considering climate, soil characteristics and the possible types of afforestation (species and management regimes). To quantify the range of possible emissions outcomes for area-based afforestation targets, a new spatial analysis method was implemented. This improved the integration of spatial data on antecedent land use with mapped outputs from forest models defining the suitability and productivity of eleven forestry management alternatives. This above ground carbon data was then integrated with outputs from the ECOSSE (Estimation of Carbon in Organic Soils – Sequestration and Emissions) model which simulates the soil carbon dynamics. The maps and other model output visualisations combining above and below ground carbon highlight where net carbon surpluses and deficits are likely to occur, how long they persist after afforestation and their relationships with antecedent land use, soils, weather conditions and afforestation management strategies. Using more productive land classes delivers more net sequestration per hectare and could mean greater carbon storage than anticipated by emissions reduction plans. Extensive establishment of lower yielding trees on low-quality ground, with organo-mineral soils could, though, result in net emissions that persist for decades. From the spatial analysis, the range of possible outcomes for any target area of planting is substantial, meaning that outcomes are highly sensitive to policy and implementation decisions on the mix of forestry systems preferred and to spatial targeting or exclusions (both at regional and local scales). The paper highlights the importance of retaining the existing presumption against planting of deep peat areas, but also that additional incentives or constraints may be needed to achieve the aggregate rates of emission mitigation implied by policy commitments. Supplementary carbon storage tonnage targets for new forestry would introduce a floor for carbon sequestration outcomes, but would still allow for flexibility in achieving an appropriate balance in the trade-offs between carbon sequestration and the many other objectives that new woodlands are expected to deliver.     

广东湖北碳排放权市场动态相依性分析与风险测度

选择具有代表性的湖北和广东碳排放权交易市场为研究对象,利用GARCH-POT-Copula模型对这两个市场的动态相依性与组合风险度量进行分析。研究结果表明:广东和湖北碳排放权市场之间的相依度较小,两个碳排放权市场价格波动不能给对方市场带来较大的影响,两市场近似于独立存在。提出了要从配额指标、基础设施建设、报送系统、市场交易主体等方面建立健全和完善全国统一的碳排放权交易市场的建议。     

Tree Diversity and Carbon Sinks: Role of Village Agro-ecosystems in the Western Ghats,Karnataka, India

Tree species richness, diversity index, standing biomass and biomass carbon stocks were estimated in six villages located under three agro-ecological zones, namely, coastal, hill and plains of Uttara Kannada district, Western Ghats, Peninsular India. The study showed that land use categories other than forest support higher tree species diversity. High basal area, standing biomass and carbon stock in non-forest land categories indicates their potential as carbon sinks and for promotion of species diversity. Inclusion of other non-forest land use categories in afforestation programmes for promotion of multipurpose tree species for conservation of diversity and for enhancing carbon sinks is suggested. There is a need to promote synergy between biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration under carbon mitigation projects.     

森林碳汇储备中政府监管与林农行为博弈分析

基于碳汇发展过程中政府与林农之间的博弈关系,结合嵌入式社会结构理论、农户经济理论和正式制度与非正式制度理论,构建政府监管和林农行为选择博弈模型,分析双方的博弈收益。结果表明:政府采取监管、加大扶持力度、建立健全碳汇发展体制机制、完善碳汇市场体系等措施,林农会选择执行监管政策;反之,若政府不实施相关政策,加之林农对森林碳汇认识不够,参与森林碳汇储备意愿不强等,林农会选择不执行监管政策。因此,急需建立健全碳汇交易市场体制机制、完善碳汇林补贴政策、加大政策宣传力度、创新政府监管模式,以期有效推动森林碳汇储备,从而加快森林碳汇项目发展。     

森林碳汇项目有助于减贫吗?

基于2005—2014年大兴安岭图强林业局碳汇造林项目的项目地潮河林场、奋斗林场、二十八站林场和育英林场的数据,建立结构方程模型对森林碳汇项目促进减贫的影响因素及其之间的关系进行实证分析。结果表明:森林碳汇项目通过促进社会就业情况和经济情况有助于减缓贫困,并且社会就业情况在减贫影响上比经济状况贡献度高;而森林碳汇项目造林阶段的造林面积对减缓贫困在一定程度上呈正相关关系。通过结果分析表明只有基于内生发展动力和贫困人口的自我发展能力的森林碳汇项目开发设计,由"输血型"模式变为"造血型"模式,才能更好地实现应对气候变化和缓解贫困两个目标。     

构建我国林业碳汇交易市场管理机制几点思考

探讨了我国林业碳汇交易市场现状及建立的必要性。认为,全球碳贸易规模逐年增大,世界碳交易平台初步搭建。中国的大排放量使其具备碳交易的巨大潜力。国际碳汇市场的发展推动了中国林业碳汇市场的建立。借鉴国外碳汇交易市场发展的理论与实践,对构建我国林业碳汇管理机制提出政策建议,发挥政府与非政府组织在林业碳汇交易市场管理中的作用,明确交易主体、客体及其碳汇权属,规范林业碳汇交易的程序和步骤,制定并完善林业碳汇交易的法律体系。     

The Time Path and Implementation of Carbon Sequestration

We develop a dynamic model to investigate the optimal time paths of carbon emissions, sequestration, and the carbon stock. We show that carbon sinks should be utilized as early as possible, and carbon flow into sinks should last until the atmospheric carbon concentration is stabilized. We rule out any cyclical patterns of carbon sequestration and release. We propose and assess three mechanisms to efficiently introduce sequestration into a carbon permit trading market: a pay-as-you-go system, a variable-length-contract system and a carbon annuity account system. Although the three mechanisms may not be equally feasible to implement, they are all efficient.