BOT模式运作下乡村生态旅游项目的发展路径研究——以重庆市为例

乡村生态旅游是农业和旅游业发展相结合的产业,其作为农村经济发展的重要引擎,已然成为解决"三农"问题的重要渠道。重庆位于我国西南地区,农业历史悠久,旅游资源发达,乡村生态旅游发展已经初现规模。但由于重庆整体经济水平在全国处于中游,加上城市基础设施投入占去政府财政支出的大部分,因此发展乡村生态旅游项目面临资金短缺和管理不善的困境。BOT模式是私营企业参与基础设施建设,向社会提供公共服务的一种方式,在我国又被称为"特许经营权",是指政府将"特许经营权"下放给私营企业,允许其参与建设和运营公共设施项目,并通过经营和管理获得利润回报的一种营销运作模式。BOT形式适用于我国当前乡村生态旅游项目的开发和发展,对改善乡村旅游项目资金不足问题及提高项目管理水平具有明显的促进作用。但BOT模式也存在诸如规划风险、道德风险和圈地风险等现实问题,需要从政府和企业等2个角度分别采取有效措施,包括加强立法工作、加大政府监管力度和制定严格的BOT协议等。     

我国项目融资现状及发展趋势

近年来,我国的一些大型基础设施项目陆续采用了BOT、ABS等项目融资方式建设,并取得了一定成效.但由于我国应用项目融资的时间较短,从总体上看,发展还处于起步阶段.怎样尽快推进项目融资在我国的应用与发展,这是学术界急需探索的共同问题.     

BOT:土地整理融资新模式

BOT是Buid-Operate-Transfer（建设-运营-移交）的英文缩写,是20世纪80年代以后在国际上兴起的一种新的投资合作方式。BOT项目融资是指私营机构参与国家公共基础设施项目,并与政府机构形成一种“伙伴”关系,在互利互惠的基础上分配该项目的资源、风险和利益的融资方式。 目前,我国各地土地整理多为政府部门或其下属机构直接投资建设,投融资渠道单一,制约了土地整理的进一步发展。在我国加入WTO之后,如何拓展投融资渠道,吸引国内外企业和个人投资土地整理,以提高土地整理效益,将土地整理工作推进到更深层次和更高境界,是十分迫切的科研任务。 本文提出将BOT模式应用于土地整理项目融资的思路,值得大家关注。     

项目融资模式比较研究

自然资源开发和基础设施建设这类投资数额大，建设周期长、风险大，单靠项目主办人的力量无法筹集如此大规模的资金，项目主办人也无力承担项目失败的风险，且传统的融资方式也满足不了上述项目的需要，在这种情况下，人们创造出项目融资这一方式。无追索权项目融资和有限追索权项目融资作为项目融资的两种基本类型在实践中不断被发展和完善，比较成熟的模式是BOT结构。     

浅谈高速公路筹融资成本控制

高速公路对我国经济的发展起着非常重要的作用,但是高速公路建设需要大量的资金。本文重点对BOT融资方式进行介绍,并对BOT融资方式融资成本的控制给出建议。     

我省BOT投资方式应用探析

公共资金和先进技术的缺乏以及其他一些限制约束，使发展中国家的政府转向了向私营组织寻求开发基础设施的资金，BOT方式就是一种不需财政拨款进行基础设施建设的有效融资方式。BOT作为一种新型的投融资方式，无疑为我省基础设施的建设与发展带来了新的生机，它能够有效解决我省基础设施建设的资金难题，加快我省基础设施建设的步伐。     

我国森林生态效益补偿制度采用BOT融资方式的探讨

在阐述BOT融资方式特征的基础上,通过对我国森林生态效益补偿制度建设中采用BOT融资方式的可行性分析,得出BOT融资方式可以作为我国森林生态效益补偿制度的资金筹措方式,并且进一步为我国森林生态效益补偿制度设计了BOT融资的基本程序和运作框架。     

我国森林生态效益补偿制度采用BOT融资方式的探讨

在阐述BOT融资方式特征的基础上,通过对我国森林生态效益补偿制度建设中采用BOT融资方式的可行性分析,得出BOT融资方式可以作为我国森林生态效益补偿制度的资金筹措方式,并且进一步为我国森林生态效益补偿制度设计了BOT融资的基本程序和运作框架.     

我国BOT融资的实施方式

本分析了BOT的定义及在我国的应用范围，根据我国目前的情况，指出政府与企业之间进行合作是组织基础建设的一种切实有效的管理模式。根据中国经济建设和市场经济的发展以及我国目前金融市场的概况，本对BOT在我国的融资方式进行了初步的探讨。     

运用BOT融资模式支持农村流通体系建设

<正>在国务院改革地方政府举债融资机制、剥离平台公司政府融资职能的情况下,农发行运用一般BOT模式,适度支持与统筹城乡发展相匹配的农村流通体系建设,既能为前期支持的城镇化建设项目提供有力的产业支撑,又能持续提升支农影响力。农村流通体系建设项目BOT融资模式,是指地方政府或地方政府指定机构与借款人签订BOT合同,借款人取得特许经营权,向农发行融资,进行农村流通体系项目建设、经营和维护等,在规定的特许经营期内回收成本并获得合理回报用以偿还农发行贷款的模式。在国务院改革地方政府举债融资机制,剥离平台公司政府融资职     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.