郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布及驱动力分析

［目的］从空间角度分析郑州市乡村旅游资源的分布情况，同时深入探讨其驱动力，全面推动区域乡村旅游的发展以及乡村振兴战略的实施。［方法］以郑州市为例，通过洛伦兹曲线、最邻近指数、地理联系率和基尼系数等定量研究方法分析乡村旅游资源空间分布情况，进而选取24个驱动力指标，通过计算相关性系数对驱动力进行分析。［结果］(1)郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布较为集中，主要集中在惠济区、登封市、二七区等市区；(2)但各市区的乡村旅游资源空间分布存在一定的差异，其中中原区、二七区、金水区、惠济区、管城区、上街区的最邻近指数大于1，乡村旅游资源空间分布呈均匀型，巩义市、新郑市、登封市、新密市、荥阳市、中牟县、经开区、高新区、郑东新区、航空港区的最邻近指数小于1，乡村旅游资源空间分布呈凝聚型；(3)郑州市各区的地理联系率均在94%以上，基尼系数均小于0300，说明郑州市整体上乡村旅游资源空间分布较为均衡。(4)郑州市乡村旅游资源空间分布与24个驱动力指标均正向相关，其中乡村特有的景观、距离市中心的距离、乡村旅游基础设施、旅游村的数量、农民人均收入、民宿、停车场数量、道路标识系统的完整性和互联网覆盖率与乡村旅游资源空间分布的相关性显著（P<005）。［结论］乡村旅游空间分布受多个驱动力因素的影响，在不同发展时期有所差异，因此有必要优化调控驱动力系统，促进区域乡村旅游资源空间分布的合理化以及乡村旅游的健康持续发展。     

湖南省休闲农庄空间分布研究

［目的］通过分析湖南省星级休闲农庄的空间分布特征，探究其分布规律，以期为区域规划与休闲农业发展提供借鉴与参考。［方法］以湖南省内971个评定的星级农庄为样本，运用最近邻指数、地理集中指数、洛伦茨曲线、基尼系数及核密度估算等方法进行空间分布类型及均衡程度测度； 运用缓冲区与叠加分析，进行农庄相对于主要客源市场的空间分布测度。［结果］（1）湖南省星级休闲农庄空间分布整体呈现出“东密西疏，区域集聚”特征； （2）整体空间分布类型为集聚型，市州区域分布较不均衡，具有围绕市州中心城市集聚分布的特征； （3）形成了长株潭地区和湘南郴州地区2个高密度热点区，与湘南衡阳地区、湘中娄底地区2个次热点区； （4）星级农庄主要分布在距市州中心城市90km范围内。［结论］湖南省休闲农业星级农庄发展已经达到了集聚程度，但发展较不均衡，表明湖南省的休闲农业发展水平东部明显高于西部，根据该研究结果可将湖南省休闲农业划分为长株潭、湘南、湘中南、湘北、湘西5个休闲农业发展区域。     

基于空间变异的郑州市休闲农业发展趋势预测

[目的]基于空间变异理论预测郑州市休闲农业的空间发展趋势,以期为郑州市休闲农业的发展提供支持,并弥补该研究领域的不足。[方法]采用统计分析法统计2010—2017年郑州市各县市区的规模以上休闲农庄数量和各区域面积,采用空间分析法计算各区域休闲农业空间分布密度确定其空间变异性,结合郑州市各县市区的区位条件、休闲农业资源和交通状况,综合分析郑州市休闲农业的未来发展方向。[结果](1)郑州市休闲农业的数量从2010年的39家增加到2017年的282家,其中增长幅度最大的是惠济区,其次是荥阳市和登封市;(2)惠济区的休闲农业分布密度历年均居各县市区之首,而且呈现逐年增加的趋势,登封市和荥阳市的休闲农业分布密度历年均远高于除惠济区外的其他县市区;(3)各县市区的区位条件、交通状况和休闲农业资源存在差异,造成各区域休闲农业发展不均衡。[结论]郑州市休闲农业未来的主要发展区域将会以惠济区、金水区、荥阳市和登封市为主,依托有利的交通优势以郑州市中心向周边县市扩散,以现代农业和高效农业发展为主的管城区和中牟县将会成为未来全市休闲农业发展的重点开发区域。     

河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力分析

［目的］通过对河南省休闲农业转型升级中影响驱动力各项因素的评价和分析，以期对河南省休闲农业可持续发展提供参考。［方法］以河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力为目标，通过构建评价指标体系，从政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素4个部分组成评价准则层，在此基础上进行具体指标选取，运用层次分析法分析其驱动力。［结果］在准则层中，4个部分的权重分布情况为政策因素（0409 0）＞区位因素（0290 2）＞发展因素（0162 2）＞社会因素（0138 6），指标层权重处于第一层次的有休闲体验需求（0416 2）、乡村振兴战略（0375 4）、产业融合趋势（0368 2）和地区资源特色（0368 1）。［结论］休闲体验需求、乡村振兴战略、产业融合趋势和地区资源特色是目前河南省休闲农业转型升级的主要驱动力； 河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力是由政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素共同组成的一个相互联系相互制约的复杂系统，其中乡村振兴战略和美丽乡村建设等政策对休闲农业的整体规划起到指导作用，区位因素决定了地区间农业资源特色和客源市场的不同以及客源与目的地之间的交通距离，且经济的发展和交通环境的改善促使地区间特色资源的开发，进而促进科技发展、教育水平提高、经营管理完善和休闲体验需求多样化等社会因素，由此形成河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力系统。     

山西省乡村休闲旅游地空间分布特征及影响因素研究

［目的］通过对山西省乡村休闲旅游地的空间分布特征及影响因素进行研究，旨在为山西省的乡村旅游发展提供合理的参考建议。［方法］选取山西省213处国家级和省级乡村旅游示范点为研究对象，运用最临近点指数对其空间分布类型进行判别，并运用地理集中指数和地理联系率对其分布均衡程度和地理联系程度进行考量，通过核密度图进一步分析其空间分布指向，在此基础上对影响因素进行分析。［结果］山西省乡村休闲旅游地空间分布呈集聚分布的特点，且与经济规模和人口密度在空间上的均衡、配合程度较高。［结论］（1）山西省乡村休闲旅游地包括以太原和晋中为主的中部密集区和以临汾、运城、晋城为主的南部密集区，且都以各地级市为中心向周边扩展，大多数示范点分布于城郊地区； （2）经济发展、人口密度、资源禀赋、区位因素和社会因素是影响山西省乡村休闲旅游地分布的主要因素，其中农业科技类、农事体验类和特色村镇类多分布于经济和人口密度较高的地区。     

多尺度下我国休闲乡村空间分布特征及其影响因素研究

［目的］中国最美休闲乡村示范点的确立为乡村旅游增添了新的旅游吸引形式，基于各种示范点的乡村旅游，成为新时期我国农村经济实现转型的重要途径之一。通过对中国最美休闲乡村示范点的研究，以期为各省市休闲旅游可持续发展提供借鉴。［方法］文章利用ArcGIS102，使用最邻近距离法、不均衡指数、核密度分析、全局莫兰指数等方法，对标记在地图上的370个中国最美休闲乡村示范点的空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析。［结果］（1）示范点空间分布不均衡，呈聚集分布状态；（2）示范点空间分布密度存在明显差异，示范点主要分布在省会城市周围，以长三角、京津冀地区分布密度最高，珠三角、闽东南等地次之； （3）示范点的空间分布具有正自相关性，表明示范点分布在空间上存在依赖性；（4）示范点的空间分布主要受到旅游资源禀赋、区域交通、客源市场、经济发展等因素影响。［结论］中国最美休闲乡村示范点空间分布不均衡，各省市应突出差异竞争，加强区域合作，突出核心区域辐射周边的效应，实现休闲乡村旅游资源空间格局上的优化。     

空间规划视阈下的洱海流域土地利用多功能适宜性研究

［目的］探索建立与国土空间规划体系相适应的国土空间开发适宜性评价理论基础与技术规程。［方法］引入生态位适宜度模型评估土地利用多功能适宜度，运用三维魔方分类方法划定土地利用多功能分区。［结果］洱海流域土地利用多功能适宜性水平差异显著，适宜生态服务、农业生产和城镇发展的土地面积分别占流域国土面积的9338%、7017%和6931%，其中适宜城镇发展用地环洱海集聚分布、适宜农业生产用地在流域中北部连片分布、适宜生态服务用地围绕流域环状分布； 将洱海流域国土空间划分为城镇空间、农业空间和生态空间，三大空间占比分别为769%、2433%和6799%； 城镇、农业和生态空间功能分区与现状土地利用结构吻合度高达7196%，其中城镇空间、农业空间和生态空间吻合度分别为6384%、5943%和9262%。［结论］土地利用多功能适宜性综合评价体系及其土地利用功能分区符合国土空间规划体系建设要求，符合洱海流域实际，能够为国土空间开发适宜性评价提供理论借鉴、为洱海流域国土空间优化提供技术支持。     

华北地区休闲型农业园区空间分布特征及影响因素分析

［目的］近几年，华北地区休闲农业发展取得长足进展，研究其空间基本分布特征，剖析其发展影响因素，对把握其休闲农业分布现状，找准发展华北地区休闲农业关键入手点具有重要意义。［方法］以2012—2017年华北地区评定的680个休闲农业园区（企业）为样本，采用地理信息系统（GIS）对休闲型农业园区的空间分布特征进行简要分析，并利用层次分析法（AHP）探究华北地区休闲型农业发展的影响因素。［结果］（1）华北地区休闲型农业园区呈集聚分布，且集中分布程度极高，空间分布不均衡，主要集中分布在北京，其次为天津、河北、山西，内蒙古分布最少； （2）影响华北地区休闲型农业发展排名前3位的因素是公路密度、农林牧渔业总产值、城镇居民可支配收入； （3）目前城镇居民生活水平显著提高，游客消费水准已成为影响休闲型农业产业发展的重要要因素但并非决定性因子。［结论］休闲型农业是一个新产业，影响华北地区休闲农业发展的重要因素还是政府以及投资者，游客的可意愿度、经济能力已经不是休闲型农业产业发展的决定性因素。要发展休闲农业产业要从增加对投资者的政策导向以及增加园区（企业）的可到达性，将公路密度适当向郊区拓展入手。     

基于精准扶贫的重庆市乡村旅游发展模式及空间分布格局研究

［目的］发展乡村旅游是推进农村扶贫开发的一项重要措施，在精准扶贫背景下，研究乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局，以期为贫困地区乡村旅游资源的开发利用提供理论参考，也将有利于充分发挥乡村旅游在精准扶贫中的重要作用。［方法］以重庆市14个国家级乡村旅游重点扶贫县为研究区域，系统分析该地区乡村旅游资源的发展模式，采用平均最邻近指数、地理集中指数和平均分布密度，探究境内194个乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局。［结果］（1）重庆市乡村旅游重点扶贫县中，发展模式主要有高科技农业园、农家乐、乡村自然景观和乡村人文景观，其中农家乐是数目最多的类型。（2）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中ANN值均小于1，说明这些地区乡村旅游资源均呈集聚分布。（3）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源分布密度差异较大，其中秀山土家族苗族自治县的平均分布密度最高，为6115个/万km2，酉阳土家族苗族自治县平均分布密度最低，仅为2709个/万km2。［结论］乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源数目还比较少，各地之间存在差异，今后应从发挥产业集聚效应、不断开拓发展模式、提高基础设施建设等方面促进乡村旅游的发展。     

重庆市乡村旅游空间分布特征及优化评价

［目的］探讨乡村旅游的空间分布特征对于优化乡村旅游空间格局具有重要意义，对其进行分析评价，有利于完善区域旅游资源，进而促进其均衡发展。［方法］以重庆市为研究对象，通过最邻近指数分析其乡村旅游景点空间分布特征，采用层析分析法对其乡村旅游进行评价，根据结果提出相应优化措施。［结果］（1）重庆市都市区的最邻近指数最高为0814，其次为渝东北生态涵养发展区为0735，城市发展新区为0697； 渝东南生态保护发展区为0402，可以看出重庆市乡村旅游空间分布总体上呈凝聚分布； （2）重庆市乡村旅游优化评价指标中旅游资源、道路设施、生态环境和综合管理的权重分别是0357 1，0253 6,0230 1和0159 2，得分大于70分以上包括乡村森林覆盖率、公路的便捷性、乡村气候舒适度、保障机制、经济水平、游客容量和客源条件，其他指标得分低于70分，包括服务中心数量、乡村旅游专线、乡村空气质量、农民拥有的道路面积密度、乡村公路等级、文化价值和管理者素质，这些也是重庆市急需优化的方面。［结论］整体上重庆市乡村旅游综合管理水平相对落后，应加强该方面的投入和管理，促进乡村旅游的协调发展。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.