我国柑橘全要素生产率测算与区域差异分析*——基于DEA-Malmquist指数法

[目的]在我国柑橘产业蓬勃发展背景下,存在耕地规模狭小和劳动资源匮乏的双重瓶颈,研究试图从全要素生产率视角探究柑橘产业可持续健康发展的路径。[方法]基于2011—2016年我国柑橘生产的面板数据,文章运用DEA-Malmquist指数法测算了柑橘全要素生产率,分析了我国柑橘全要素生产率的动态演进特点,比较了柑橘、柑和橘全要素生产率的区域差异。[结果](1)从整体趋势看,2011年以来我国柑橘全要素生产率呈下降趋势,但年际间波动较小。考察期间内,柑橘、柑和橘的平均全要素生产率增长率分别为2. 6%、2. 0%和2. 3%。(2)从影响因素看,技术进步是影响柑橘产业全要素生产率的主要因素,纯技术效率和规模效率是影响全要素生产率的重要因素。(3)从区域差异看,科技进步为福建、广东等省份柑橘产业的生产效率的提升发挥了重要作用,但经营规模过小阻碍了其生产效率的进一步提高,其增长优势明显劣于江西、湖南两省。(4)从品种分类看,多数省份橘的技术进步指数和规模效率指数均高于柑,柑的全要素生产率增长相对较差,仅在部分省份优势明显。[结论]推进柑橘科技创新,引导适度规模经营,培育新型农业经营主体,因地制宜实施柑橘产业支持政策是促进我国柑橘全要素生产率增长有效途径。     

三峡生态屏障区林农柑橘种植技术效率测度及影响因素分析

柑橘种植是协同三峡库区生态屏障区生态建设、经济提振并解决农户生计问题的重要途径。为有效缓解屏障区环境保护与社会经济发展的双重压力,文章基于2015年三峡库区生态屏障区农户的问卷调查数据,采用随机前沿模型测算了柑橘种植的技术效率,分析了影响技术效率的主要因素,结果发现:生态屏障区林农柑橘种植的平均产出较低,且主要受劳动和资本投入的影响,土地面积影响并不显著;生态屏障区农户柑橘种植技术效率均值仅为0.33,整体偏低;各因素对技术效率的影响存在区域差异,且林地细碎化会抑制橘农技术效率,而水利条件、土壤适种性、品种改良、橘农组织化与合作化、套种间作模式、技术培训、学历背景、农业劳动时间比重和男性劳动力占比对橘农种植效率具有显著的促进作用。     

中国粳稻生产效率演变及区域差异

[目的]我国粳稻产量现阶段呈连续增长的态势,然而粳稻生产效率却存在无效率或波动剧烈的现象,研究我国的粳稻生产效率,有助于提升和稳定中国粳稻区域生产效率和水平从而间接保障我国粮食安全。[方法]使用超效率DEA方法测算中国13个粳稻生产省份的生产效率,分别从时间和区域上的差异进行分析。[结果]中国粳稻生产技术效率在时间趋势上逐渐趋于平稳,但是在2004—2007年间存在短暂的波动;在区域上主要是西南和东北粳稻生产区的技术效率水平较高,西北区在技术效率、纯技术效率与规模效率上都处于较低的水平;虽然河南、湖北、宁夏3个省份出现技术无效率,但规模报酬都处于递增的状态,仍有提升生产效率的潜力,应通过减少要素投入冗余来改变其无效率状态。[结论]粳稻生产技术无效率主要是由于种子费用、农药费用等生产要素的投入冗余造成的;若将来在保持纯技术效率和其他条件不变的情况下,通过提升规模效率水平会进一步提升我国粳稻的整体技术效率水平。基于上述分析有针对性地提出制定粳稻生产区域规划、发展适度规模经营、改善生产要素使用效率3方面的政策建议。     

中国小麦主产区生产效率时空演变特征分析

[目的]基于2006—2015年我国15个小麦主产省(区)小麦生产投入产出数据,对小麦主产区生产效率时空演变特征进行分析。[方法]利用数据包络分析(DEA)、Malmquist指数模型以及探索性空间分析(ESDA)对我国小麦生产效率演变的时空异质性进行研究。[结果](1)在时间异质性方面,2006-2015年我国小麦主产区小麦生产的综合技术效率均值为0. 928,纯技术效率均值为0. 943,规模效率均值为0. 984,均未达到有效水平,主产区小麦全要素生产率变化指数介于0. 920和0. 977之间,全要素生产率的增长受到了技术进步更大的制约。(2)在空间异质性方面,不同省(区)在纯技术效率存在较为明显的空间异质性,而在规模效率方面则较为接近。在全要素生产率方面,超过半数的研究省(区)小麦全要素生产率呈现负增长的趋势。(3)在生产效率的空间相关性方面,我国小麦主产区的小麦生产效率整体上呈现出较为显著的空间集聚效应,相较于其他地区而言,黄淮海小麦优势区存在较为显著且稳定的空间正相关关系。[结论]因地制宜地发挥区域生产禀赋优势、提高小麦主产区技术的有效投入,是提高小麦生产效率的关键,同时,通过资源合理配置实现小麦生产的空间布局优化,是整体提升我国小麦生产效率、维护粮食市场稳定的关键。     

黑龙江省耕地利用效率时空差异及影响因素研究

[目的]揭示区域耕地利用效率变化及影响因素,为提高区域耕地资源利用效率提供科学依据。[方法]文章采用了非期望产出SBM模型、Tobit模型、变异系数法、K均值聚类法。[结果](1)黑龙江省耕地利用综合技术效率总体呈现下降趋势,纯技术效率不高是制约综合技术效率提升的主要原因;(2)1994~2014年间耕地利用效率区域差异总体呈现增大趋势;1994~2005年各区域耕地利用效率差异较小,但变幅较大,该时期综合技术效率区域分异主要受纯技术效率的影响;2006~2014年耕地利用效率区域差异较大,但变幅较小,该时期综合技术效率分异主要受规模效率影响;(3)经聚类,齐齐哈尔、伊春、牡丹江、大兴安岭为I类地区,为耕地利用综合技术效率高效率区,纯技术效率略高于规模效率;鸡西、双鸭山、大庆、佳木斯、七台河、黑河、绥化为Ⅱ类地区,为中效率区,纯技术效率与规模效率相当;哈尔滨、鹤岗为Ⅲ类地区,为低效率区,纯技术效率远低于规模效率;I类地区投入要素利用率Ⅱ类地区Ⅲ类地区;(4)影响因素按影响程度依次为劳动力比例、单位播种面积农业机械总动力、农村劳动力人均播种面积、单位播种面积化肥施用量,其中农村劳动力人均播种面积对耕地利用效率为正向影响,其余均为负向影响。[结论]1994~2014年黑龙江省耕地利用效率呈下降趋势且区域差异较大,主要受劳动力、农机、化肥及播种面积影响。     

家庭农场经营效率及其差异分析*——基于山东234个示范家庭农场的调查

[目的]文章通过对山东省家庭农场经营效率的实证分析,旨在厘清技术、规模对农场经营效率的促进作用,通过比较分析找出各类型家庭农场短板,针对性地提出政策建议。[方法]以山东234个家庭农场数据为例,运用DEA模型对家庭农场全样本及纯种植、种养结合、种植兼休闲、种养兼休闲4类家庭农场的经营效率进行了测算和分解。[结果]首先,家庭农场综合技术效率仅为0. 170,纯技术效率和规模效率分别为0. 235和0. 786,规模效率相对充分纯技术效率不足是经营效率较低的主要原因;其次,种养结合类农场发展势头较好,纯种植类家庭农场发展滞后且综合技术效率和纯技术效率最低,种养兼休闲类农场的规模效率最低。[结论] 4类农场差异明显,应降低生产技术使用门槛,引导农场主参加职业教育,提升纯种植类农场纯技术效率,同时出台相关政策,实现土地流转的降费提效,改善种养兼休闲类农场规模效率。     

四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率研究——基于三阶段DEA模型的实证分析

[目的]有机农业为我国农业绿色发展起到良好的带动作用,但我国有机农业发展中,西部贫困地区较为滞后。针对西部贫困地区有机农业生产效率进行定量分析,揭示影响有机农业生产效率的主要因素,旨在提高该地区有机农业生产效率,丰富区域视角下的有机农业生产研究。[方法]采用三阶段DEA模型对2014年四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率进行量化分析,识别环境变量对有机农业生产效率的影响。[结果]环境因素和随机误差对四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率产生了显著的影响。环境因素中,农民人均纯收入的增加有利于促使农机、耕地等资源的有效利用,但同时也导致化肥投入冗余增加;城镇化率的提高会降低耕地、劳动力、化肥、农药等使用效率,从而对有机农业生产效率产生不利影响;财政支出占GDP比重的增加有利于提高农机使用效率,但同时也导致化肥和农药投入冗余增加;粮食播种面积占耕地面积比重对有机农业生产效率产生了不利影响。剔除环境因素和随机误差的影响后,四川省重点生态功能区各县平均技术效率和规模效率有所下降,纯技术效率则略有提升。基于纯技术效率和规模效率,四川省重点生态功能区各县有机农业生产效率可分为"双高型""高低型""低高型"和"双低型"等4种类型。[结论]三阶段DEA模型有效剔除了环境因素和随机误差对有机农业生产效率的影响,估计的效率值更真实地反映了四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率水平。针对四川省重点生态功能区各县有机农业生产效率的不同特征,应结合地方实际,通过扩大要素投入规模或改进要素配置效率和使用效率,提高有机农业生产效率。     

从洞庭橘到温州柑——宋代柑橘史的考察

洞庭和温州分别是北宋和南宋时期两个著名的柑橘生产中心,史上对两地生产多有记载,文献和口语中经常出现洞庭橘、洞庭柑、永嘉橘和温州柑(温柑)等说法,对于洞庭位置和柑橘名实也多有混淆。本文依据历史文献记载,对洞庭的位置、柑与橘的名实进行考辨,并试图从环境史,特别是气候变迁的角度对柑橘生产中心的南移提供新的史料依据。     

中国粮食生产效率及影响因素分析*——基于DEA Tobit两步法研究

[目的]通过测算中国各省市粮食生产效率评价中国粮食生产综合绩效,并从支农政策、要素投入等维度考察其对中国粮食生产效率的影响。[方法]基于2004—2016年省域面板数据,采用MalmquistDEA模型对粮食生产效率进行测度和分解,并运用面板Tobit随机效应模型对粮食生产效率影响因素进行实证检验。[结果]研究期内粮食生产全要素生产率及其分解指标总体达到DEA有效,且具有明显的时空差异特征;粮食全要素生产率改进主要源于技术进步,而技术效率作用偏低,"单引擎"驱动特征明显;化肥、农用机械、灌溉及支农政策对粮食全要素生产率、技术进步、技术效率均具有正向促进作用,但化肥投入对技术效率作用不显著,各因素作用强度排序为"支农政策化肥农业机械灌溉",且这些影响同样具有区域差异。[结论]提升粮食全要素生产率时要注重农业技术更要逐步提升农业技术效率,通过改革财政支农政策体系和转变要素投入结构来提升中国粮食综合生产效率。     

基于非期望产出的柑橘生产效率及其时空差异

［目的］研究基于非期望产出的中国柑橘生产效率及其时空差异，旨在为提高环境约束条件下的柑橘生产效率提供理论参考。［方法］采用基于非期望产出的非径向、非角度的数据包络分析模型测算了面源污染约束下2008—2017年我国柑橘生产效率并分析了其时空变化特征和损失原因。［结果］华中和华东区柑橘生产效率较高，华南和西南区较低。各省效率损失原因如下：用工投入冗余主要发生在广东和湖南两省，资本投入冗余主要发生在湖北、江西和福建，多数省份都存在化肥投入冗余和一定增产空间。此外，总氮和总磷流失量过高是各省份柑橘生产效率降低的普遍原因。［结论］我国柑橘生产效率有一定损失，且存在省际间和年际间差异，总氮和总磷流失量过高、化肥投入冗余、单产不足等是生产效率损失的主要原因。因此，应通过品种改良、柑橘生产管理技术改进来提高单产，通过水肥精细化管理提高肥料利用率，通过增加植被覆盖度、改进耕作方式和减少化肥用量来降低总氮和总磷流失量。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。