基于自然特征的湖北省乡村聚落空间格局分析

[目的]乡村聚落空间格局分析对合理规划农村建设用地,布局农村居住点,指导新农村建设具有重要的现实意义。[方法]文章基于湖北省自然环境特征,从市域和县域尺度,采用平均最邻近比率、平均分布密度和乡村聚落平均人数系统分析该省乡村聚落格局分布特征。[结果](1)湖北省乡村聚落整体呈集聚分布,集中分布于中东部地区,交通便利,水域条件优越,气候温和的地区集聚,总体上呈现"东密西疏"的特征。(2)中东部地区主要分布在孝感市和黄冈市,孝感市云梦县、应城市、孝昌县,黄冈市团风县和浠水县的乡村聚落分布密度明显高于其他各县。其中云梦县最高,为0. 447个/km~2。西部地区乡村聚落分布密度明显低于东部地区,其中老河口市分布密度最高,为0. 21个/km~2。(3)各省级直管地区乡村聚落分布密度差异较大,乡村聚落的规模各异。其中孝感市的分布密度最高为0. 328个/km~2,其次是天门市,平均分布密度为0. 289个/km~2,但聚落规模较小。神农架林区以发展林业为主,乡村聚落分布密度仅为0. 021个/km~2。[结论]基于湖北省自然地理特征,中东部地区乡村聚落可大力发展现代农业,逐步向农业产业化迈进。针对乡村聚落规模比较小的地区,向中心村集聚,提高资源利用率。     

陕西省特色小镇发展模式及空间分布特征研究

[目的]通过分析陕西省特色小镇的发展模式及其空间分布特征,将有助于实现特色小镇的空间优化。[方法]文章通过实地调研走访了解陕西省特色小镇的发展现状,在此基础上,系统分析该地区特色小镇的发展模式,并通过ArcGIS10.2平台,采用平均最邻近指数、地理集中指数、核密度和平均分布密度,探究境内78个特色小镇的空间分布格局。[结果](1)陕西省78个特色小镇,主要有"特色产业+"、工业主导型、"文化+"和"红色革命+"发展模式,其中"特色产业+"是数目最多的类型。(2)在空间分布类型中,特色小镇总体趋于集聚分布且均衡程度较高。(3)在市域尺度上,咸阳和渭南特色小镇分布较多,榆林、铜川和安康特色小镇分布较少。(4)在空间分布密度上,咸阳的平均分布密度最高,为11.712个/万km~2,榆林平均分布密度最低,仅为1.377个/万km~2。其中核密度最高的热点区域为西安东部,咸阳南部地区为次密度区。[结论]陕西省特色小镇空间分布密度差异较大,通过挖掘各地发展潜力如特色产业、特色文化等,打造特色产业集群,才能积极推进全省新型城镇化的可持续发展。     

江苏省农业生态旅游资源开发研究

江苏省农业生态旅游发展在我国处于领先地位,以江苏省为例进行农业生态旅游资源分布与开发的研究有着实际性的借鉴价值。文章对江苏省13个地级市的农业生态旅游示范点的分布数量进行统计,进一步对农业生态旅游示范点的分布密度进行计算,结果表明:江苏省农业生态旅游资源存在着明显的地区性差异,苏南地区的农业生态旅游资源要远超苏中、苏北地区,特别是苏北地区的农业生态旅游景点的开发目前处于明显落后阶段,而旅游资源开发状况良好的苏南地区仍然存在旅游服务质量不高的状况。为均衡江苏省各地区的农业生态旅游发展,全面提高江苏省农业生态旅游资源的质量,提出大力开发苏北地区主要星级景点,提升苏南地区农业生态旅游服务质量、合理地对农业生态旅游的路政进行布局、利用新媒体打造与游客互动的平台等对策,旨在为江苏省乡村生态旅游健康可持续发展提供参考与借鉴。     

云南省休闲农业空间分布特征及其影响因素分析

[目的]发展休闲农业是深度开发农业资源潜力,调整农业结构,增加农民收入的重要途径。分析云南省休闲农业空间分布特征及影响因素,为优化布局供理论参考。[方法]以2011—2016年云南省农业厅和农业省旅游局及国家旅游局公布的休闲农业名单为研究样本,运用平均最邻近比率、地理集中指数和平均分布密度等方法研究云南省休闲农业空间分布特征,并具体分析了影响分布的因素。[结果](1)云南省的休闲农业可分为观光采摘园、农业科技园、休闲农业园、文化创意园4种类型,整体呈集聚分布,但4种类型分布不均匀。(2)休闲农业市域分布差异明显,其中昆明市和大理白族自治州分布数目最多,昆明市、玉溪市和保山市休闲农业的平均分布密度远高于其他地区。(3)影响云南省休闲农业空间分布的因素主要有经济发展水平、资源禀赋、交通条件和气候特点,云南省休闲农业多分布在拥有较高的经济发展水平、资源充沛、丰富的交通干线和气候条件优越的地区。[结论]云南省休闲农业分布不均,根据"点—轴"空间理论和核心—边缘理论,今后可先形成城市边缘休闲地带,然后由经济的带动逐步向欠发达地区拓展。充分利用地区气候条件优势和资源优势,开发休闲农业新模式。还可考虑将休闲农业与传统旅游景区相结合共同形成环城市或环交通干线的景观带,形成"一串式"发展格局。     

广西农业生态旅游景点空间集聚性及其发展潜力评价

[目的]探讨农业生态旅游空间分布有利于合理优化和调整旅游资源,同时评价农业生态旅游为其进一步稳定、健康、持续发展提供一定依据和参考意见。[方法]文章利用空间分布密度和最邻近点指数分析广西农业生态旅游的空间分布特征;同时采用模糊层析综合法对构建的评价体系进行分析研究。[结果]广西14个市区的农业生态旅游存在差异,北海市(2.45)、钦州市(1.08)、梧州市(1.04)、贺州市(1.02)、来宾市(1.01)的最邻近指数均大于1,属于随机型分布;防城港市(1.00)和百色市(1.00)的最邻近指数等于1,属于均匀型分布;贵港市(0.98)、河池市(0.98)、柳州市(0.96)、玉林市(0.95)、南宁市(0.92)、桂林市(0.86)、崇左市(0.75)的最邻近指数均小于1,属于凝聚型分布。此外广西农业生态旅游的综合评价结果得分36.52,发展处于初级阶段。[结论]在现有广西农业生态旅游的基础上,因地制宜地挖掘各地特色,提高农业生态化建设,促进农业生态旅游持续发展。     

南京市休闲农业空间差异及其社会经济影响因素分析

[目的]休闲农业在促进产业融合、带动过农业、农村发展方面发挥着重要作用,分析其空间分布特征及其社会经济影响因素,为休闲农业的健康可持续发展提供一定参考。[方法]文章以南京市为例,通过文献查阅法了解南京市休闲农业的资料、相关研究成果,结合实地调查法确保南京市休闲农业景点的真实性,采用空间结构分析法分析休闲农业空间分布差异,相关分析法分析其影响因素。[结果]南京市6个区的最临近指数均小于1,空间分布呈凝聚型,其中浦口区的分布密度最大,为0.035个/千km~2。休闲农业分布与地区GDP、农业产值、旅游发展水平显著相关,与产业结构、城镇和农村居民消费水平相关,但不显著,说明目前南京市第一、二、三产业融合有待进一步加强,休闲农业产品仍有提升空间。[结论]南京市休闲农业发展受社会经济发展的影响,因此需要基于休闲农业资源,差异化发展,同时协调发展休闲农业服务供应链,促进产业融合,完善休闲农业相关政策,耦合侧供给改革共同发展。     

基于精准扶贫的重庆市乡村旅游发展模式及空间分布格局研究

［目的］发展乡村旅游是推进农村扶贫开发的一项重要措施，在精准扶贫背景下，研究乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局，以期为贫困地区乡村旅游资源的开发利用提供理论参考，也将有利于充分发挥乡村旅游在精准扶贫中的重要作用。［方法］以重庆市14个国家级乡村旅游重点扶贫县为研究区域，系统分析该地区乡村旅游资源的发展模式，采用平均最邻近指数、地理集中指数和平均分布密度，探究境内194个乡村旅游资源的空间分布格局。［结果］（1）重庆市乡村旅游重点扶贫县中，发展模式主要有高科技农业园、农家乐、乡村自然景观和乡村人文景观，其中农家乐是数目最多的类型。（2）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中ANN值均小于1，说明这些地区乡村旅游资源均呈集聚分布。（3）各乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源分布密度差异较大，其中秀山土家族苗族自治县的平均分布密度最高，为6115个/万km2，酉阳土家族苗族自治县平均分布密度最低，仅为2709个/万km2。［结论］乡村旅游重点扶贫县中乡村旅游资源数目还比较少，各地之间存在差异，今后应从发挥产业集聚效应、不断开拓发展模式、提高基础设施建设等方面促进乡村旅游的发展。     

基于Landsat8 TVDI的河套灌区旱情分析——以临河区为例

[目的]河套灌区是我国北方重要粮、油生产基地,该区域地处我国干旱区,及时有效地监测评价该地区的旱情状况,对农业有十分重要的意义。通过遥感手段监测河套灌区旱情状况,将研究区分为无旱、轻旱和干旱3个旱情等级,并对统计结果进行评价,以期为当地农业生产提供参考。[方法]选取2016年7月1日的两景Landsat8遥感影像数据,针对遥感参数进行计算反演,对归一化植被指数(NDVI)、地表温度(LST)和温度植被干旱指数(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index,TVDI)等遥感参数分级统计,评价临河区旱情。[结果]3个旱情等级中,无旱的面积为466.38 km~2,占临河区面积的20.02%;轻旱的面积为1 176.50 km~2,占临河区面积的50.49%;干旱的面积为687.12 km~2,占临河区面积的29.49%。临河区东北地区旱情面积比重较大;西南地区靠近黄河及人工渠旱情面积较小或者无旱情发生。[结论]该方法适合农业旱情的快速监测评价,能较好地反映区域旱情空间分布,监测结果具有一定的实用价值。     

基于MaxEnt和GIS的山西省连翘潜在分布及适宜性分析

[目的]连翘是一味常用中药,在山西省分布广泛。预测连翘适宜种植区,有助于优化已有种植区的布局以及科学推广引种适宜种植区域,可为山西省贫困区县连翘合理种植提供参考。[方法]文章基于19个环境相关数据和98个连翘种植区采样点数据,采用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和GIS空间分析法,构建自然、人文相结合的种植适宜性模型,预测连翘潜在分布及适宜性,筛选主导环境因子并探究其与存在概率之间关系。[结果]连翘在山西省种植的最适宜区、较适宜区、适宜区以及不适宜区面积分别为21 049.74km~2、35 655.15 km~2、44 707.90km~2和65 287.20km~2,分别占山西省总面积的12.63%、21.39%、26.82%和39.16%。其中,最适宜区集中分布在山西省的东南部地区,以临汾市、长治市分布最多;较适宜区分布在山西省南部地区,以运城市、晋城市分布最多;适宜区遍布山西省各个地市,但分布零散,受地形、坡度影响较大,不易形成规模生产,连翘的产量和质量均不高。从农户种植便利度、规模化种植灌溉便利度、农业物资运输便利度叠合分析得出,建议连翘的推广区为晋东南长治市、晋城市半丘陵区和太原市、晋中市交界区。刀切法测试表明,年最低气温、气温季节性变动是影响连翘潜在分布的两个最主要环境因子。[结论]连翘具有很高的社会经济价值,山西省大多数地区均适宜种植;在推广种植时应考虑农户种植便利度、规模化种植灌溉便利度、农业物资运输便利度等影响。     

河北省碳足迹及碳承载力的时空演变分析

[目的]碳足迹及碳承载力的时空演变分析是当前分析温室气体排放量的热点问题。[方法]文章采用2004~2014年河北省化石能源消费数据、土地利用结构数据以及经济社会数据,通过构建碳足迹模型,基于Arc GIS平台对河北省11个地级市的碳足迹、碳承载力、净碳足迹进行时空演变分析。[结果](1)2004~2014年河北省碳足迹由2.224 5亿t增长至4.792 2亿t,其中煤炭能源消费量占90%左右,唐山、邯郸和石家庄碳足迹值较高,分别占河北省碳足迹的33%、18%和16%;(2)2004~2014年河北省碳承载力由9 043万t增长至1.050 6亿t,其中林地碳承载力占河北省碳承载力的97%左右,西南地区农、林业发达,碳承载力相对较高;(3)2004~2014年河北省净碳足迹呈逐年上升趋势,由1.536 7亿t增长至4.236 5亿t,唐山、邯郸及石家庄净碳足迹较大,分别占河北省净碳足迹的40%、22%和16%;(4)除保定外,其他10个地级市的碳足迹压力指数变化强度均呈现不同程度的增强趋势。此次研究成果将为河北省未来制定温室气体排放量等相关政策的建设提供参考。[结论]整体来看,河北省碳足迹及碳承载力呈逐年增长的变化趋势,应加强温室气体的管控力度,减小碳排放给河北省带来的负面影响。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.