新世纪以来我国粮食综合技术效率和全要素生产率分析

针对新世纪以来我国粮食连续7年增产的现实,本文采用数据包络分析(DEA)结合Malmquist指数,测算了十年来我国粮食综合技术效率和全要素生产率的变化,揭示了我国粮食生产增长的源泉及存在的问题。研究结果表明,2000—2009年我国粮食平均综合技术效率不高,纯技术效率相对偏低,加大技术应用和规模化种植仍然具有很大潜力;全国粮食全要素生产率增长近十年来有所下降,在影响全要生产率的因素中,由技术创新所决定的技术进步呈现下降趋势,由新技术转化推广所决定的纯技术效率不断上升,规模效率则没有得到任何改进;从地区来看,非粮食主产省全要素生产率有所提高,而粮食主产省虽然技术效率稍有改善,但技术进步下降,全要素生产率呈现下降趋势。因此,加快非粮食主产区粮食科技成果转化推广、加大粮食主产区科技创新力度、全面提高全国粮食生产效率成为保障粮食生产持续增产的关键。     

中国小麦主产区生产效率时空演变特征分析

[目的]基于2006—2015年我国15个小麦主产省(区)小麦生产投入产出数据,对小麦主产区生产效率时空演变特征进行分析。[方法]利用数据包络分析(DEA)、Malmquist指数模型以及探索性空间分析(ESDA)对我国小麦生产效率演变的时空异质性进行研究。[结果](1)在时间异质性方面,2006-2015年我国小麦主产区小麦生产的综合技术效率均值为0. 928,纯技术效率均值为0. 943,规模效率均值为0. 984,均未达到有效水平,主产区小麦全要素生产率变化指数介于0. 920和0. 977之间,全要素生产率的增长受到了技术进步更大的制约。(2)在空间异质性方面,不同省(区)在纯技术效率存在较为明显的空间异质性,而在规模效率方面则较为接近。在全要素生产率方面,超过半数的研究省(区)小麦全要素生产率呈现负增长的趋势。(3)在生产效率的空间相关性方面,我国小麦主产区的小麦生产效率整体上呈现出较为显著的空间集聚效应,相较于其他地区而言,黄淮海小麦优势区存在较为显著且稳定的空间正相关关系。[结论]因地制宜地发挥区域生产禀赋优势、提高小麦主产区技术的有效投入,是提高小麦生产效率的关键,同时,通过资源合理配置实现小麦生产的空间布局优化,是整体提升我国小麦生产效率、维护粮食市场稳定的关键。     

城镇化发展对粮食生产技术效率的影响研究*——基于我国13个粮食主产区的面板数据

[目的]以我国13个粮食主产区为研究对象,分析城镇化发展对粮食生产技术效率的影响,为促进城镇化与粮食生产的协调发展提出对策建议。[方法]基于2003—2014年粮食主产区面板数据,利用DEA模型测度粮食生产技术效率,通过面板Tobit模型分析城镇化发展对粮食生产技术效率的影响。[结果]我国各主产区粮食生产技术效率存在差异性,"完全有效型"的省份只有吉林、内蒙古和黑龙江,其他省份在纯技术效率或规模效率并未达到最优状态;人口城镇化发展对粮食生产技术效率呈现"倒U型"的影响关系;土地城镇化发展对粮食生产技术效率有反向影响;经济城镇化有利于促进技术效率的提升,而城镇居民收入水平的提高,种植结构的变化,对粮食生产又有负向影响;城镇化进程中工业废水的排放不利于技术效率的提高。[结论]粮食安全是我国的重要议题,而城镇化进程中农村劳动力外流、耕地面积锐减、资源环境压力可能对粮食生产和粮食安全产生重要影响,针对性制定相应政策促进城镇化和粮食生产协调发展。     

四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率研究——基于三阶段DEA模型的实证分析

[目的]有机农业为我国农业绿色发展起到良好的带动作用,但我国有机农业发展中,西部贫困地区较为滞后。针对西部贫困地区有机农业生产效率进行定量分析,揭示影响有机农业生产效率的主要因素,旨在提高该地区有机农业生产效率,丰富区域视角下的有机农业生产研究。[方法]采用三阶段DEA模型对2014年四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率进行量化分析,识别环境变量对有机农业生产效率的影响。[结果]环境因素和随机误差对四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率产生了显著的影响。环境因素中,农民人均纯收入的增加有利于促使农机、耕地等资源的有效利用,但同时也导致化肥投入冗余增加;城镇化率的提高会降低耕地、劳动力、化肥、农药等使用效率,从而对有机农业生产效率产生不利影响;财政支出占GDP比重的增加有利于提高农机使用效率,但同时也导致化肥和农药投入冗余增加;粮食播种面积占耕地面积比重对有机农业生产效率产生了不利影响。剔除环境因素和随机误差的影响后,四川省重点生态功能区各县平均技术效率和规模效率有所下降,纯技术效率则略有提升。基于纯技术效率和规模效率,四川省重点生态功能区各县有机农业生产效率可分为"双高型""高低型""低高型"和"双低型"等4种类型。[结论]三阶段DEA模型有效剔除了环境因素和随机误差对有机农业生产效率的影响,估计的效率值更真实地反映了四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率水平。针对四川省重点生态功能区各县有机农业生产效率的不同特征,应结合地方实际,通过扩大要素投入规模或改进要素配置效率和使用效率,提高有机农业生产效率。     

粮食主产区农业碳排放效率时空演变及影响因素研究

文章基于粮食主产区2001—2020年的面板数据,利用SBM-Undesirable模型和Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数从静态和动态两个方面测度了粮食主产区农业碳排放效率,并结合Tobit模型探究影响粮食主产区农业碳排放效率变化的关键因素。结果表明：（1）粮食主产区农业碳排放效率均值为0.540,未达到有效状态;省域之间差别明显,只有辽宁长期处于有效状态,其余省份均为DEA无效。（2）粮食主产区农业碳排放综合效率总体呈波动上升趋势,年均增速为5.1%,前沿技术进步是促进农业碳排放效率增长的主要因素。各省份的农业碳排放综合效率值均大于1,前沿技术进步在各省份农业碳排放效率的增长上发挥的作用高于技术效率,纯技术效率与规模效率的贡献程度因省份不同而有所差异,但规模效率的贡献要明显大于纯技术效率。（3）农业经济发展水平和农村用电量对粮食主产区农业碳排放具有显著的正向作用;农业产业结构、城镇化水平、财政支农具有显著的负向作用;自然灾害与农产品价格体制改革并未通过显著性检验。基于此,提出了提高农业经济发展水平、推动新型城镇化高质量发展、加强农业科技创新和调整农业产业结构等政策建...     

粮食主产区粮食能耗的技术效率分析

本文运用数据包络分析(DEA)结合Malmquist指数法对6大粮食主产省份1995—2012年粮食能耗技术效率进行分析,并运用GM(1,1)灰色预测模型对2020年各项能耗量进行预测。研究发现,河南、河北、江苏和黑龙江技术效率较高,山东和四川技术效率较低;在规模报酬方面,河南多个年份均规模报酬递减,其余省份则规模报酬递增;山东各项能耗最优调整量均较高;6省年均全要素生产率呈下降趋势,河南全要素生产率最低;2020年各能源要素消耗量均呈上升趋势。并对如何优化能源要素的配置比例、提高粮食生产能源转化效率、化解由于能源滥用引起的农产品质量安全和生态环境破坏问题进行了讨论。     

基于三阶段DEA Windows的主产区粮食生产效率评价

[目的]在耕地面积有限、城镇化高速发展的背景下,合理评价粮食生产效率、认清粮食生产现状、探索提高粮食生产效率的有效途径具有重要的理论和现实意义。[方法]基于2006—2015年主产区13个省域数据,采用三阶段DEA和DEA-Windows相结合的方法,既关注外部环境对粮食生产效率的影响,又注重主产区各省在粮食生产效率上的动态演变规律,从而更加精准地对粮食生产效率进行评价。[结果]外生环境变量对粮食生产效率有显著影响,其中,受灾面积和地区经济发展水平的提高会阻碍粮食生产效率,而人均耕地面积对粮食生产效率有促进作用;剔除环境影响后主产区的粮食生产效率发生了较大变化,江苏省和河南省成为粮食生产效率最高的省份,除黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古等省份的粮食生产效率有不同程度的下降外,其余省份的粮食生产效率均有所提升;从剥离环境影响后的区域效率分布情况来看,主产区粮食生产效率呈现出从中部地区向东西两边逐级递减的趋势,但就其自身发展而言,西部地区的粮食生产效率增长速度最快,区域差距正在逐步缩小,主产区内部的粮食生产效率演变处于收敛过程中,但需要注意的是,区域内部各省份之间的粮食生产效率仍存在较大差异;[结论]三阶段DEA-Windows模型能更真实地反映主产区的粮食生产效率水平,应结合地方实际,有侧重的制定效率提升策略。     

辽宁农产品加工业生产效率分析

基于DEA方法,结合Malmquist指数,运用投入产出数据对2009—2012年辽宁农产品加工业全要素生产率情况进行了考察,实证结果表明,辽宁全要素生产率不断提高得益于产业技术进步,但规模效益不理想。进一步对33个农产品加工行业进行技术效率评价,得出该产业规模效益不理想是因为绝大多数行业规模报酬递减,需提高科学化管理水平和行业集中度来提高生产效率。     

中国粮食生产效率及影响因素分析*——基于DEA Tobit两步法研究

[目的]通过测算中国各省市粮食生产效率评价中国粮食生产综合绩效,并从支农政策、要素投入等维度考察其对中国粮食生产效率的影响。[方法]基于2004—2016年省域面板数据,采用MalmquistDEA模型对粮食生产效率进行测度和分解,并运用面板Tobit随机效应模型对粮食生产效率影响因素进行实证检验。[结果]研究期内粮食生产全要素生产率及其分解指标总体达到DEA有效,且具有明显的时空差异特征;粮食全要素生产率改进主要源于技术进步,而技术效率作用偏低,"单引擎"驱动特征明显;化肥、农用机械、灌溉及支农政策对粮食全要素生产率、技术进步、技术效率均具有正向促进作用,但化肥投入对技术效率作用不显著,各因素作用强度排序为"支农政策化肥农业机械灌溉",且这些影响同样具有区域差异。[结论]提升粮食全要素生产率时要注重农业技术更要逐步提升农业技术效率,通过改革财政支农政策体系和转变要素投入结构来提升中国粮食综合生产效率。     

云南省粮食全要素生产率分解研究

本文采用数据包络法对2009—2014年云南省粮食全要素生产率进行测算和分解。首先,通过对DEA-Malmquist指数变动的内在因素分析,探索影响全省各州市粮食全要素生产率变动的主要因素。同时,对规模效率变化分析,得到全省各州市粮食技术效率、技术进步、纯技术效率、规模效率和全要素生产率等基本要素情况。最后,基于研究结论,提出进一步优化粮食技术扩散环境、加大粮食新技术研发和推广、合理规划布局粮食主产区、调整粮食种植区域与结构以及拓展境外空间等对策建议。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.