衡水市农户土地资源转出意愿的影响因素与行政干预

[目的]通过了解河北省衡水市农户土地转出的意愿状况,分析影响农户土地资源转出意愿的关键因素,并制定正确的战略决策,为构建农地适度规模化经营奠定理论基础,促进衡水市农民的现代化发展。[方法]文章结合调研情况,对样本区农户土地使用权流转行为进行了统计描述和分析研究,并运用Logistic模型对农户土地使用权转出意愿的影响因素进行了分析,找到了影响衡水市土地流转的关键性因素。[结果]研究表明,户主年龄、从事职业和文化程度、农户家庭非农收入以及农户家庭兼业人数等与农户土地转出意愿呈显著正相关关系,显著性数值分别为0. 018、0. 000、0. 010、0. 000、0. 028,而农户家庭农用机械数量则与农户土地转出意愿呈显著负相关关系,显著性数值为0. 033。此外农户社会保障程度和农户对政府土地流转的相关政策了解程度等因素也影响着农户土地流转的意愿。[结论]影响农户土地转出意愿的显著性因素包括家庭非农收入、户主年龄和职业;另外,户主的年龄、职业、文化程度、非农收入、家庭兼业人数和农用机械数量均是影响农户土地转出意愿的重要内容。     

黑龙江省农户土地转出意愿影响因素实证研究

[目的]基于黑龙江省农户土地流转现状对其影响因素进行研究,旨在通过分析提升农户土地转出意愿途径推动土地流转和农业规模化生产。[方法]基于元分析的要求和步骤对黑龙江农户土地流转意愿进行实证研究,以农户个人特征、农户资源禀赋、农户所处环境特征和政策及生产特征4个层面来分析黑龙江农户土地转出意愿的影响因素。[结果]基于主效应分析发现农户土地转出意愿的影响因素主要有文化程度、年龄、性别、人均纯收入、耕地面积、非农收入比重以及是否签订土地流转合同。其中,农户年龄在土地转出意愿中的影响显著为负,有阻碍作用;农户人均纯收入和耕地面积对土地转出意愿的影响显著为正,具有促进作用,说明土地转出的发生率在人均纯收入高和耕地面积较多的农户中相对较大;政策的过渡与完善对受教育程度较低和年龄较大的农户的土地转出意愿在逐渐加强。[结论]黑龙江省日渐完善的土地流转政策以及地方政府的大力宣传对农户土地转出意愿的调节作用越发强烈。     

农户土地转出的影响因素研究*——基于土地流转补贴政策效用的视角

[目的]基于安徽省蚌埠市的调研数据,实证研究土地流转补贴政策对土地转出的影响,分析土地流转补贴政策效用。[方法]文章根据国内外相关研究成果,结合调研地区的具体环境因素,提出研究假设,选取农户的家庭人口特征、社会经济特征和土地资源禀赋等变量,构建回归模型,运用SPSS统计软件分析农户土地转出的影响因素及土地流转补贴政策的效用。[结果]直接影响农户土地转出的因素包括非农就业、非农收入、农民离乡进城务工条件和土地资源禀赋等,农民获得的土地流转补贴占家庭总收入的比重非常小,对农户转出土地的意愿起不到显著促进作用。[结论]因此,促进土地有序流转必须把土地流转补贴等财政扶持资金转移到基本生产设施的建设上,改善农业生产经营条件,增强新型农业经营主体的土地转入积极性;通过创造非农就业机会,增加非农收入,完善农村社会保障服务体系,促进农民工市民化等措施,弱化农民对土地的依赖,从而增强农民转出土地的积极性。     

何以影响小农户土地转出意愿:Meta的追踪分析

土地转出中的各方利益博弈和家庭分化导致小农户转出土地的意愿存在较大差异。为能清晰掌握影响小农户土地转出意愿的因素,文章以有关影响农户土地转出意愿的33篇文献为基础,运用Meta分析方法,进行效应量汇总、同质性检验、发表偏倚检验和Meta亚组回归,得出以下结论:(1)受教育程度、非农收入、政策认知和社会保障对土地转出有显著正向影响;(2)从效应值大小来看,政策认知为最主要影响因素;(3)流转政策越完善、质量越高的期刊越能体现家庭收入对土地转出的作用,东部地区比中西部地区更能体现家庭收入对土地转出的作用。     

黑龙江省土地转出行为分析——基于13个地市47个村的调研数据

本文基于黑龙江省13个地市47个村的调研数据,运用Logistic回归分析法实证研究了黑龙江省农户土地转出意愿及其影响因素。结果表明,户主年龄、户主受教育程度、农户家庭人口规模、户均经营土地面积、种植业收入比重以及农户对涉农政策的了解程度对土地转出意愿有显著影响;家庭非农就业比例、土地转出租金、农户村庄到县区距离以及农户是否享受农业直补对土地转出意愿影响不显著。     

农户土地转出意愿影响因素实证研究——基于洱海流域上游调查分析

[目的]农户土地流转对农民增收、农业产业结构调整以及治理流域的面源污染问题具有重要意义;为了高效利用洱海流域土地资源,急需探究农户土地流转意愿主要影响因素。[方法]基于云南省大理州395个农户调查数据,运用Logistic模型对农户参与洱海流域土地转出意愿进行了实证研究。[结果](1)49.87%的农户愿意参与洱海流域上游的土地转出,高出全国17.8%的土地转出比例,且越年轻或越年长的农户越愿意流转土地;(2)户主的年龄、对过量使用农药化肥的危害认知和对国家土地流转政策的态度3个因素对农户的土地转出意愿影响非常显著(P0.01)且呈正相关。影响程度大小依次为:农户对国家土地流转政策的态度农户对过量使用农药化肥的危害认知户主的年龄;(3)性别、户主学历、家庭年收入、非农业收入、务农劳动力、耕地规模和有机肥使用情况等变量对农户的土地流转。[结论]最终提出有利于洱海流域上游农户进行土地流转的农业政策建议。     

资产专用性对农户土地转出意愿的影响

农户农业生产专用性资产的产生会增加土地流转的租金,承租者之间的博弈会抑制农户土地转出。为探究资产专用性对农户土地转出意愿的影响,本文以铜仁市江口县274份问卷调查数据为研究样本,采用二元Logistic回归模型从土地资产专用性、实物资产专用性、人力资本专用性、地理位置专用性四个方面来讨论对农户土地转出意愿的影响。研究发现:在人力资本专用性中农户参与专业培训以及农业生产管理能力显著抑制农户土地转出意愿;实物资产专用性、地理位置资产专用性以及土地资产专用性分别显著抑制农户土地转出意愿。     

河南省粮食主产区土地流转意愿影响因素分析

[目的]通过对粮食主产区的农户进行调查,探讨影响土地流转意愿的因素,促进土地流转的顺利运行,同时为保障粮食安全和农村土地改革提供政策建议。[方法]在查阅大量文献的基础上,以河南省粮食主产区为调查区域,通过问卷调查及Logistic回归模型对影响土地流转意愿的因素进行分析。[结果]研究结果表明,农户年龄、农户的文化程度、家庭人口数量、家庭人均年收入、非农收入的来源、流转政策、流转方式、是否有土地流转市场及农业合作社对土地流转意愿正面影响,而与城镇的距离对土地流转意愿负面影响,其中农户文化程度、非农收入来源、农业合作社以及土地流转市场这4个自变量是河南省粮食主产区土地流转意愿主要影响因素,且达到显著影响。[结论]河南省粮食主产区土地流转意愿受多种因素的影响,在土地流转快速发展及多元化形成的背景下,文章研究结果对于河南省土地流转具有现实的指导意义。     

土地转出农户主观福祉现状及其影响因素分析——基于生计资本视角

研究目的:把握土地转出农户主观福祉现状,分析自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本、生态资本和心理资本的7维生计资本对土地转出农户主观福祉影响规律。研究方法:对比分析法与有序响应模型。研究结果:(1)土地转出样本农户的主观福祉普遍较高,非农型农户对土地转出后自身生活质量的主观评价最高的比重最大,土地转出农户主观福祉整体上呈现中西部递减的趋势;(2)土地转出农户身体状况越好、拥有汽车或大型农机具数量越多、越易贷款、加入农民合作社、同村亲戚数量越多、土地地力越好、生活自信心越高、面对挫折抗压韧性越大,其主观福祉越高;(3)对纯农型农户主观福祉正向影响最大的因素为生态资本,对农业兼业型及非农型农户主观福祉正向影响最大的因素为心理资本,对非农兼业型农户主观福祉正向影响最大的因素为社会资本。研究结论:政府应加强医疗保障,完善农村生活基础设施,营造和谐的生活氛围,加大农村物质生活条件改善,重视对农村文化生活的建设,针对土地转出后的生计分化农户制定差别化政策。     

农户生计非农化对林地转出意愿的影响研究

基于浙江省382户农户的调查数据,描述了农户生计非农化、林地转出意愿状况及两者之间的关系,并使用Ologit模型对农户生计非农化对林地转出意愿的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:非农收入所占比例和非农就业时间所占比例对农户林地转出意愿均有显著正向影响;非农收入所占比例每提高1%,农户不愿意转出林地的概率降低20.63%,愿意转出部分林地的概率提高4.30%,愿意转出全部林地的概率提高16.34%;非农就业时间所占比例每提高1%,农户不愿意转出林地的概率降低18.40%,愿意转出部分林地的概率提高3.87%,愿意转出全部林地的概率提高14.53%;户主是否为村干部、家庭总收入及荒山面积所占比例对林地转出意愿有显著正向影响;家庭劳动力数量、林地总面积对林地转出意愿有显著负向影响。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。