On the Legislative Investigation and Analysis of Criminal defendant’s Access to the Right to counsel

我国法律规定了被告人享有辩护权,并且这种权利的行使可以得到律师的帮助,律师在刑事诉讼中的职责就是依据事实和法律为委托人进行辩护,维护其合法权益。但是从现行制度下被告人和辩护律师所享有的权利来考察,很难说被告人真正地、充分地享有辩护权,因为在刑事诉讼中被告人和辩护律师所享有的权利十分有限,辩护律师在刑事诉讼中也不享有完整的辩护权,同时司法现况与被告人获得律师帮助权的基本要求差距甚大。本文对我国被告人获得律师帮助权制度及其运行进行了考察,并对相关问题进行了分析。     

浅析刑事被告人质证权的确立及其宪法化

刑事被告人的质证权作为刑事被告人的一项重要的诉讼权利,是刑事程序正义的重要内容,也是被告人的一项基本人权,为保障刑事被告人的质证权真正落到实处并建立起良好的制度基础,对其理论基础的研究便凸现其重要性。     

英美法系国家被告人获得律师帮助权之考察

世界各国在宪法和刑事诉讼法及相关的国际公约中都规定了被告人在诉讼的各个阶段都有权获得律师为其提供有效法律帮助的权利。在法治国家,被告人获得律师帮助权在刑事诉讼中形成了自身独特的体系。了解英美法系的被告人获得律师帮助权的相关制度,对于我们认识被告人获得律师帮助权并完善相关制度有着重要的借鉴意义。     

论人民检察院撤回公诉制度的现状与完善

我国刑事诉讼中的撤回公诉制度存在法律规定模糊、实际操作混乱的问题,直接侵害了被告人和被害人权利。本文通过对撤回公诉制度的司法依据和运行现状的分析,提出完善撤回公诉制度的具体建议,以期规范撤回公诉制度,提高诉讼效率、实现司法公正,维护被告人和被害人的合法权益。     

外国刑事被害人权利救济制度简析

自国家公诉制度建立以来,不论法学理论研究,还是司法实践,一直都以刑事被告人权利救济作为研究的主题,极少从保障刑事被害人权利的角度进行考察。直到二十世纪中叶,被害人学的兴起和人权保护在世界范围的蓬勃发展,对刑事被害人权利救济才逐渐引起法学界的关注。相比西方发达国家,我国在刑事被害人权利救济制度方面的缺失,已引起理论界和实务界的关注和探讨。因此,研究发达国家在这方面的制度设计,对建立我国相应的制度必定大有裨益。     

宪政维度下的刑事被告人获得律师帮助权

作为我国的基本法律之一,刑事诉讼法的内容与我国的司法制度、公民权利等重大问题关系密切,直接体现并影响着我国法治的状况和发展进程。刑事诉讼中的人权是程序性人权,在刑事诉讼中具有独立的价值。刑事诉讼直接保障的人权就是诉讼参与人的程序权利。人权保障理念是宪政和宪法的基本要求,也是刑事诉讼法立法精神的体现。强化刑事诉讼领域的宪政理念,是保障刑事诉讼基本人权的观念基础。强化刑事被告人获得律师帮助权是我国刑事诉讼法修改的一项重要内容,借鉴国外的法治经验,刑事被告人获得律师帮助权应当成为我国公民的一项基本权利。     

被告人获得律师帮助权国际公约之考察

刑事诉讼活动一旦展开,被告人的人身、自由、财产、住宅、文件等就面临着可能来自侦控机关的不当侵害,基于无罪推定、程序正义和宪政理论等原理的要求,确立律师从程序和实体等角度为被告人提供法律帮助的制度就成为必要。世界各国在宪法和刑事诉讼法及相关的国际公约中都规定了被告人在诉讼的各个阶段都有权获得律师为其提供有效法律帮助的权利。了解外国的被告人获得律师帮助权的国际公约,对于我们认识被告人获得律师帮助权并完善相关制度有着重要的借鉴意义。     

纳税人权利及其保护措施的国际比较

西方国家由于民主化进程比较早,纳税人权利的保护措施比较全面。许多国家的法律在规定纳税人应尽义务的同时,普遍规定了纳税人所享有知情权、公正权、行政复议和上诉等9项权利,同时十分重视通过采取实际措施对已经明确的纳税人权利加以保护,以使纳税人权利得以真正实现。     

论经理权范围的界定与完善

随着现代公司的不断发展,特别是公司所有权和经营权的分离,"经理中心主义"逐步崛起,公司的经理权日益得到扩张和强化。为确保经理能够充分发挥其经营才能,实现公司的高效经营,同时又能兼顾公司、股东利益和交易安全,构建科学、合理的经理制度便成为各市场经济国家所面临的共同课题。我国的《公司法》中对经理权的规定不是很完善,我国的经理权制度也还存在很大的缺陷,权利膨胀和权利现象同时存在。因此,对经理权的范围进行界定以及限制就显得很有必要。本文通过对各国经理权的法律规定入手,确定经理权应有的权利范围,以及对经理权的范围限制进行说明。     

论经理权范围的界定与完善

随着现代公司的不断发展,特别是公司所有权和经营权的分离,"经理中心主义"逐步崛起,公司的经理权日益得到扩张和强化。为确保经理能够充分发挥其经营才能,实现公司的高效经营,同时又能兼顾公司、股东利益和交易安全,构建科学、合理的经理制度便成为各市场经济国家所面临的共同课题。我国的《公司法》中对经理权的规定不是很完善,我国的经理权制度也还存在很大的缺陷,权利膨胀和权利现象同时存在。因此,对经理权的范围进行界定以及限制就显得很有必要。本文通过对各国经理权的法律规定入手,确定经理权应有的权利范围,以及对经理权的范围限制进行说明。     

THE ROLE OF AUDITOR CULPABILITY IN NAMING AUDITOR DEFENDANTS IN UNITED STATES SECURITIES CLASS ACTIONS

Arguments for passage by the United States Congress of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, 1995 (Reform Act), as well as the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act, 1998, center on two allegations. First, that there was a general lack of merits (i.e. management culpability did not matter) in pre-Reform Act private securities class actions. Second, that nonculpable auditors were routinely named defendants in these lawsuits. A theoretical framework consisting of the constructs auditor culpability, management culpability, and nonculpability is used to investigate whether nonculpable auditors were routinely named defendants in these lawsuits. Empirical evidence based on 446 securities lawsuits filed from April 1992 to April 1995 in federal and state courts against United States companies suggests that nonculpable auditors were not routinely named defendants in these lawsuits.     

Does the Mandatory Bid Rule Add Value to Target Shareholders?

I investigate whether implementation of the mandatory bid rule—the rule that grants all shareholders the right to participate in a takeover transaction at equal terms—affects target announcement returns. I use a difference‐in‐differences approach and the staggered adoption of the rule across 15 European countries. I find that the rule change leads to higher target returns. In full transactions, better accounting standards and shareholder protection norms of the acquirer leads to higher target returns. In majority transactions, greater value transfer from acquirers with weak accounting standards leads to higher target returns. I find weak evidence of overpayment by acquirers.     

The optimal extent of discovery

We characterize how the process of publicly gathering information via discovery affects strategic interactions between litigants. It allows privately informed defendants to signal through the timing of settlement offers, with weaker ones attempting to settle prediscovery. Discovery reduces the probability of trial. Properly designed limited discovery reduces expected litigation costs. Stronger defendants gain more (lose less) from a given amount of discovery. We find that the court should grant more discovery when defendants are believed to be stronger and should grant discovery on more efficient sources of information, leaving less efficient ones to trial.     

强制性分红:压力下移与盈余管理——基于央企控股上市公司的经验证据

国有资本收益上缴制度是一项强制性分红制度,这种政策带来的强制性分红压力会沿着企业控制层级往下转移.本文实证检验了强制性分红对中央企业盈余管理行为的影响.研究发现,中央企业会通过减少盈余的方式规避该政策带来的压力,尤其是,金子塔层级越低的中央企业这种规避行为越明显.进一步,中央企业面临强制性分红压力与业绩考核压力时,更注重业绩考核的影响.本研究有助于更加全面、准确地评价国有资本收益分配制度的实施效果,为政策优化提供经验证据.     

Managerial Opportunism during Corporate Litigation

Using a large sample of litigation events involving publicly listed defendants, we document a surprising fact. The resolution of litigation through a court's decision dominates settlement of litigation from the shareholders' point of view, even when the firm loses. We develop a model using agency costs within the firm to explain why the market views settlement as a negative outcome on average and find empirical evidence supporting the implications of the model. Specifically, firms with weak corporate governance settle litigation more quickly, and the market reacts more negatively to settlements involving firms with higher agency costs.     

Proprietary costs and sealing documents in patent litigation

We study whether the sealing of a defendant’s judicial records during a patent lawsuit filing correlates with the defendant’s level of competition and disclosure. Courts permit sealing of judicial records when competitive damage outweighs the public interest in access to documents and records. We find that defendants with sealed judicial records have higher research and development (R&D), lower industry sales concentration, and more references to competition in their annual reports than defendants without sealed judicial records. We observe faster mean reversion of return on net operating assets when courts seal defendant records. The results suggest that sealing relates to archival measures of competition. Finally, consistent with proprietary costs restraining disclosure, we find that defendants with sealed judicial records are less likely to issue management forecasts, file 8-Ks less frequently, and have longer and less readable 10-Ks.     

Management earnings forecasts and IPO performance: evidence of a regime change

Companies undertaking initial public offerings (IPOs) in Greece were obliged to include next-year profit forecast in their prospectuses, until the regulation changed in 2001 to voluntary forecasting. Drawing evidence from IPOs issued in the period 1993–2015, this is the first study to investigate the effect of disclosure regime on management earnings forecasts and IPO long-term performance. The findings show mainly positive forecast errors (forecasts are lower than actual earnings) and higher long-term returns during the mandatory period, suggesting that the mandatory disclosure requirement causes issuers to systematically bias profit forecasts downwards as they opt for the safety of accounting conservatism. The mandatory disclosure requirement artificially improves IPO share performance. Overall, our results show that mandatory disclosure of earnings forecasts can impede capital market efficiency once it goes beyond historical financial information to involve compulsory projections of future performance.     

Product market effects of IFRS adoption

Prior literature finds that International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adopters enjoy lower financing costs subsequent to IFRS adoption. We predict and find that mandatory IFRS adopters exploit lower financing costs to increase market share vis-à-vis non-adopters. This effect is robust across several different model specifications in a sample capturing the universe of public and private firms in the EU, in a matched sample of public and private firms, and in a public firm sample comparing mandatory and voluntary IFRS adopters. We further find that IFRS is associated with an increase (decrease) in industry sales concentration (competition), consistent with large public firms increasing market share. In supplemental analyses, we find that mandatory adopters issue more equity and debt after IFRS adoption and that larger market share gains accrue to those mandatory IFRS adopters that issue more equity and debt after IFRS adoption. Overall, we provide evidence of unintended product market consequences of IFRS adoption.