湖北省居民收入分配差距问题研究

改革开放以来，湖北省居民收入分配差距发生了很大的变化。在体制转轨进程中，在居民的收入水平不断提高的同时，居民收入分配的差距也在不断变化。居民的收入分配差距可以从城乡收入差距、地区收入差距、行业收入差距、不同阶层收入差距等角度来分析。形成这些差距的原因有多方面。包括经济发展、体制转轨、经济社会政策等。收入分配差距的扩大对经济的影响是双重的，必须通过深化政治经济体制改革、规范初次分配秩序、完善再分配制度等措施适度调整，尽量减少其对经济的消极影响。     

公平收入分配的财政政策选择

随着我国市场经济进程的加速，收入分配差距不断扩大的问题已引起全社会的普遍关注，构建和谐社会正成为我们党全面建设小康社会、开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面的一项重大任务。财政政策具有调节收入分配的重要职能，在公平收入分配方面有独到的作用。因此研究影响收入分配差距扩大的财政因素，完善公平收入分配的财政政策，对遏制我国收入分配差距不断扩大的趋势有十分重要的现实意义。     

以再分配调节和培育中等收入群体

<正>研究发现,我国的再分配政策体系对我国分配差距的调节力度不够强,再分配后的收入差距相比初次分配的收入差距没有明显降低再分配调节对于培育和扩大中等收入群体至关重要扩大中等收入群体比重,形成中间大、两头小的橄榄型收入分配结构,既是扎实推动共同富裕的内在要求,又是实现共同富裕的重要途径。再分配调节对于培育和壮大中等收入群体、扩大中等收入群体规模至关重要。再分配政策的核心是要实现“调高、提低、扩中”,其中高收入群体通过所得税等手段调节从而降低其收入,     

再论当前居民收入差距问题

改革开放以来,我国收入分配领域出现的收入差距扩大现象,已成为社会各界关注的焦点,究其原因,主要有以下几方面:1.当前的居民收入分配差距相当大程度取决于政府的收入分配政策;2.我国正处于经济增长的初期阶段,随着经济的快速增长,必然导致收入差距的扩大;3.就业结构的转换.为解决当前居民收入分配差距的问题,应正确认识收入差距现象的二重性,加快发展,建立健全收入分配的激励和约束机制,在改革和发展中调节收入分配差距.     

收入分配制度改革大幕将启

5月26日，中共中央政治局召开会议，研究改革收入分配制度和规范收入分配秩序问题。会议指出，要着力提高低收入者收入水平，扩大中等收入者比重，有效调节过高收入，取缔非法收入，努力缓解地区之间和社会成员收入分配差距扩大的趋势。     

要正确看待库兹涅茨的“倒U曲线假说”

谈及日益扩大的收入分配差距时，许多中国学者常常喜欢引用库兹涅茨的“倒U曲线假说”，认为“倒U假说理论”意在说明“收入分配不平等”的长期演变趋势为：在前工业文明向工业文明过渡的经济增长的早期阶段收入差距会扩大，而后是短暂的稳定，然后在增长后期逐渐缩小。似乎发展中国家在向发达国家过渡的过程中，居民收入分配差距“先恶化、后改善”的变动趋势是不可避免的。     

中国收入分配差距引致环境问题的实证研究

利用我国1995～2009年的数据,对收入分配差距与环境污染及政府治理环境的投资行为之间的关系进行分析。研究表明:收入分配差距与环境污染之间存在正相关的关系,收入分配差距的扩大加剧了环境污染;收入分配差距导致政府环境治理投资的效果大打折扣,缩小收入差距是提高政府环境治理效果的有效手段;收入分配差距对环境的影响会随着经济发展水平的提高而有所缓解。     

收入分配差距及其财税治理

由于我国尚未形成有效的税收再分配体系，社会保障制度远未发挥应有的收入调节作用，致使我国收入差距扩大的趋势更趋恶化。为此，在完善市场体系、规范国民收入初次分配的前提下，建立全面、综合、系统的税收调节机制，建立城乡有别、适应不同层次需求的社会保障制度，不失为现阶段缩小我国收入分配差距的有效的财税政策选择。     

我国收入分配问题研究

改革开放以来,我国经济持续高速增长,但收入差距却在持续不断扩大,本文从收入分配角度着手,通过分析区域(东部、中部、西部)收入差距、城乡收入差距辨析我国收入分配存在城乡差距过大并持续扩大的问题。最后从建立机制、规范分配方法、拓宽就业渠道、配合相应财税政策等方面给出建议。     

我国金融发展与收入分配关系问题分析

金融发展与收入分配之间的关系在经济研究中往往被忽视，本文研究我国改革开放以来二者之间的关系及其影响。我国宏观国民收入分配比重逐渐向居民个人倾斜，企业和政府的比重持续下降，同时收入分配差距呈逐渐扩大的趋势。在宏观收入分配结构变化和收入分配差距扩大的共同作用下，我国储蓄率保持高水平，金融总量快速增长。我国金融发展主要表现为金融总量的扩张，而金融发展总体水平仍滞后于金融总量的扩张。在目前的收入分配状况下，金融发展滞后对我国的经济发展造成不利影响。为此，本文提出了相应的建议。     

金融改革对收入不平等的影响研究——理论解释与实证分析

采集55个新兴市场国家的非平衡面板数据,使用动态门限面板模型实证结果表明,金融改革与收入不平等间存在明显的门限效应,当金融改革水平低于门限值时,金融改革会扩大收入差距;当金融改革水平越过门限值时,金融改革有利于收入差距的缩小.多数新兴市场国家金融改革对降低收入不平等已经发挥正向效应,为缩小新兴市场国家收入差距,必须进一步深化金融改革.     

Inequality and two decades of British tax and benefit reforms

Microsimulation methods are used to identify the contribution of tax and benefit reforms to the significant growth in UK income inequality since 1979. The total effect turns out to depend crucially on the counterfactual against which the reforms are assessed: compared with the alternative of pure price‐indexation, the total effect of reform is small; by contrast, compared with a counterfactual in which benefits rose in line with national income (historically the case before 1979), the effect is substantial – approximately half the total rise in income inequality is explained. The impact of reforms on inequality has varied significantly over time: income tax cuts in the late 1970s and late 1980s increased inequality; direct tax rises in the early 1980s and 1990s, together with increases in means‐tested benefits in the late 1990s, reduced it. The robustness of the results to sampling variation and to the measure of inequality used is also investigated.     

Reduced Tax Progressivity in Norway in the Nineties: The Effect from Tax Changes

The inequality in pre-tax income increased in Norway in the 1990s, while the concentration of taxes remained largely unaltered. This means that tax progressivity has decreased in the period, as measured by summary indices of tax progressivity. In this paper I analyze individual income data to ascertain whether tax changes in the period can explain the observed decrease in tax progressivity. As marginal tax rates at high income levels have been substantially reduced in the period, for instance through the tax reform of 1992, it is expected that tax changes may have influenced the degree of inequality in pre-tax incomes. This behavioral effect is examined by deriving estimates of the elasticity of gross income with respect to the net-of-tax rate, obtained from various panel data regressions. The tax changes may also have shifted the distributional burden of taxes for unaltered level of pre-tax income inequality. In order to identify this (direct) effect of tax-law alterations, the same fixed distribution of pre-tax income is exposed to various tax-laws in the period.     

A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth

In this article, we attempt to estimate whether financial inclusion, expressed as financial accessibility, has a positive effect on reducing income inequality. Furthermore, we estimate the effect of such financial inclusion on economic growth by reducing income inequality. From the results of our empirical analysis, we can draw the following three conclusions. First, income inequality has a very negative effect on GDP growth. The negative relationship between income inequality and GDP growth is strong in low-income countries. In addition, income inequality has a stronger effect on reducing economic growth in high-fragility countries. Second, progressivity is not a major factor in reducing income inequality in low-income countries or in high-fragility countries. Finally, financial inclusion improves the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. The reduction in income inequality through financial inclusion changes the negative relationship between income inequality and economic growth into a positive relationship. This trend is stronger in high-fragility countries than in low-fragility countries.     

城市化对于中国居民收入不均的影响

本篇论文重新定义了城市化和中国人口收入不均的关系,以中国居民的收入不均变化是否遵循着库兹涅茨倒U型曲线为切入点。根据本文的研究,尽管中国城市地区和农村地区收入不均的变化没有遵循库兹涅茨的倒U型假说,但是中国总的收入不均变化遵循了这一假说。中国总体收入不均遵循倒U假说的主要原因就是：由城市化导致的收入不均已经在近十年来进入下降的阶段,从而使得中国总体收入不均水平也在下降或使其加速缓慢。在未来,对于总体收入不均水平的下降,两项政策将刻不容缓：一方面,限制劳动力流动的户籍制度必须打破,从而使城市化加快;另一方面,农村居民的收入必须尽快提高,从而使城乡差距缩小。     

Social Transfers And Income Inequality In Old Age

Abstract

This paper examines variation in old-age income inequality between industrialized nations with modern welfare systems. The analysis of income inequality across countries with different retirement income systems provides a perspective on public pension policy choices and designs and their distributional implications. Because of the progressive nature of public pension programs, we hypothesize that there is an inverse relationship between the quality of public pension benefits and old-age income inequality—that is, countries with comprehensive, universal, and generous public pension systems will exhibit more equal distributions of income in old age.

Luxembourg Income Study data indeed show that cross-national variation in old-age income inequality is partly explained by differences in the percentage of seniors’ total income derived from public pension transfers. Sweden, for example, has the highest level of government transfers and the lowest level of old-age income inequality, while Israel and the United States have the lowest levels of dependency on government transfers and the highest levels of income inequality. A notable exception is Canada, where public transfers represent only a moderate portion of elderly income, yet old-age income inequality is relatively low. These findings suggest that quality of public pension benefits does indeed play a role in explaining differences in old-age income inequality between industrialized nations, yet these variations are also likely influenced by other factors.     

Horizontal Inequity and Vertical Redistribution

Inequality of post-tax income among pre-tax equals is evaluated andaggregated to form a global index of horizontal inequity in the income tax.The vertical action of the tax is captured by its inequality effect on averagebetween groups of pre-tax equals. Putting the two together, horizontalinequity measures loss of vertical performance. The identification problem,which has previously been thought insuperable, is addressed by a procedurevalidating the banding of income units into close equals groups. Thehorizontal and vertical effects of a major Spanish income tax reform areevaluated. Lines for future investigation are suggested.     

International Trends in Income Inequality and Social Policy

In most OECD-countries income inequality has increased during the last two decades. In this paper, we investigate whether changes in the overall distribution of income can be attributed to social policy measures. For most (but not all) countries we find a possible relationship between changing welfare state policies (as measured by expenditure ratios and replacement rates) and changing income inequality. Especially the United Kingdom and the Netherlands combined an above-average rise in inequality with a reduction in the generosity of the welfare system.A more elaborate budget incidence analysis for the Netherlands indicates that in the period 1981–1997 inequality of disposable household income increased sharply. The two main forces behind this phenomenon were a more unequal distribution of market incomes and changes in social transfers. Fundamental social security reforms in the Netherlands indeed seem to have made the income distribution less equal. However, income inequality in the Netherlands is still below the OECD average at the end of the observed period.     

英国工党政府养老金制度改革述评:公平和效率的视角

面对不断增加的贫困人口和持续扩大的收入差距,面对急剧攀升的老年抚养比和严重不足的养老储蓄,英国工党政府在养老保障领域采取了一系列改革措施。改革的核心内容就是协调公平和效率问题。公平问题主要涉及减少贫困人口,缩小收入差距;效率问题主要涉及降低政府养老金负担,发展私营养老金,增加养老储蓄。总体而言,工党政府执政期间,英国贫困人口大幅减少,收入差距扩大的趋势得到明显遏制,政府养老金负担保持稳定,私营养老金的作用越来越大。因此,工党政府的养老金改革较好地协调了公平和效率问题,有利于英国养老保障制度的可持续发展。     

Unequal inequalities: Do progressive taxes reduce income inequality?

This paper analyzes the effect of changes in the structural progressivity of national income tax systems on observed and actual income inequality. Using several unique measures of progressivity over the 1981–2005 period for a large panel of countries, we find that progressivity reduces inequality in observed income, but has a significantly smaller impact on actual inequality, approximated by consumption-based Ginis. An empirical comparative analysis shows that the differential effect on observed versus actual inequality is much larger in countries with weaker legal institutions. We also find that structural progressivity has a greater equalizing effect in environments that support pro-poor redistribution. Substantial differences in inequality response to changes in top versus bottom rates are also uncovered.