新兴市场国际资本逆转问题的观察与分析

席卷全球的金融危机改变了国际资本流入新兴市场的既定状况。由于世界范围内的信贷严重紧缩和美元的高调升值,形成了金融资本大规模撤离新兴市场国家的新现象。这一资本逆转的结果不仅可能加大新兴市场国家货币的贬值压力,冲击和干扰其本已脆弱的金融体系,而且势必打击该区域实体产业和既有福利。国际社会应当从加强监管、密切金融合作和消除贸易保护主义等方面尽可能阻止金融资本撤离新兴市场的进程和规模。     

新兴市场国际资本的逆流与阵痛

伴随着新兴市场国家为抑制通货膨胀而推出的紧缩性货币政策从而对资本获利空间形成的挤压，嗅觉灵敏的国际资本已经和正在加速从新兴市场撤离并转战成熟市场。虽然目前撤离新兴市场的资金规模并不算十分庞大，但这种趋势如果得不到有效控制，可能会使本已吹大的新兴市场资产价格泡沫快速破灭并危及新兴市场国家的金融稳定，同时新兴市场的经济增长将因此面临全球经济再平衡过程中的重大风险。     

亚洲金融危机会卷土重来吗?

近来美国国债收益率升至两年多来新高,国际资本开始从新兴经济体集中撤离,造成东南亚及印度等国家或地区的股市下跌,甚至日本等资本市场波动也明显加大。中国也出现金融机构外汇占款增加额大幅下降的情况,这很自然地被解读成国际热钱集中撤离。     

亚洲金融危机会卷土重来吗？

近来美国国债收益率升至两年多来新高,国际资本开始从新兴经济体集中撤离,造成东南亚及印度等国家或地区的股市下跌,甚至日本等资本市场波动也明显加大。中国也出现金融机构外;E占款增加额大幅下降的情况,这很自然地被解读成国际热钱集中撤离。     

新兴市场国家金融危机警示及我国短期国际资本流入分析

20世纪90年代以来以及当前新兴市场国家发生的一系列金融危机，虽然根本、内在的原因在于这些国家和地区内部经济的矛盾性，但是国际投资的巨大冲击以及由此引起的外资撤离是这些国家和地区金融不稳定向金融危机转化的关键因素。了解、掌握流入中国的短期资本规模、特征，并采取有效措施降低国际游资的冲击，对中国未来发展具有重要意义。     

新兴市场国家的外资银行

在发展中国家不断追寻快速发展路径的过程中,金融全球化已成为不可遇止的大趋势。资本输出国和资本输入国都因金融资本的自由流动而受益,金融资本的流动也由过去主要在发达国家之间流动,逐渐倾向于流向发展中国家。在过去的十余年中,新兴市场国家(EMEs)所吸引的金融部门外国直接投资(FSFDI)增长十分迅速。这尽管为新兴市场国家带来了充裕的资金和先进的管理经验,但也同样给他们带来了巨大的挑战。     

新兴市场国家资本异常流入对经济增长的影响

本文选取全球35个新兴市场国家2000～2020年的年度数据，参考经典的国际资本异常流入的划分准则和测度方法，采用面板回归模型进行实证分析。实证结果表明：资本流入激增会推动新兴市场国家的经济增长,资本流入突然中断则会抑制新兴市场国家的经济增长。基于地缘政治风险视角的局部样本回归结果表明：地缘政治风险会抑制新兴市场国家的资本流入，从而对经济增长有显著的负向影响。鉴于此，本文建议各国要加强对国际资本异常流动的监管，完善国际资本异常流动的防范预警机制，同时要加强区域性的多边交流合作，为本国经济发展创造良好稳定的地缘环境。     

全球经济政策调整增大新兴国家经济风险和市场波动

主要新兴经济体在今年5、6月份普遍遭遇了严重的资本外流和持续的汇率贬值,若资本逆向流动继续延续,将抑制新兴经济体的成长,并进一步不利于全球经济前景。当前,尽管部分新兴国家经济增长放缓,然而通胀压力并未随之下降。一些新兴市场短期内不仅面临着来自外围环境冲击,长期还面临着内生结构性转型方面压力。新兴经济体之间的货币政策逐渐出现分化,国际资本陕速撤离,新兴国家外汇的波动加大,增大这些国家经济风险。同时,QE退出和中国经济增长回落引发大宗商品波动回落。     

新兴市场金融脆弱性:基于国际资本易变性的分析

随着国际资本流动规模的日益庞大,其易变性的破坏力也越来越大,而且在新兴市场国家表现得尤为强烈,这加剧了新兴市场国家金融脆弱性。国际资本易变性从冲击货币稳定、影响国际收支的可维持性以及国际游资对金融市场的高度投机三个方面加剧了新兴市场金融脆弱性。它在新兴市场表现尤为强烈的原因在于新兴市场的不稳定性和不成熟性。     

从欧洲主权债务危机看信用评级机构监管

目前，工业化国家进入资本市场被看做理所当然，但新兴市场进入国际资本市场是不稳定的、多变的。对于新兴市场，信用评级扮演着最关键的角色。主权信用评级是由信用评级机构对中央政府的债务所做的风险评估。主权信用评级在决定国家进入国际资本市场的程度和条件上起着关键的作用。一些研究发现，信用评级的变化对主权债券利差有显著影响。主权信用评级被用做国家违约可能性的总体测量。     

Macroeconomic stability or financial stability: How are capital controls used? Insights from a new database

While the traditional objectives of capital controls were to address macroeconomic stability risks, a new “externalities view” has emerged prescribing their use to contain financial stability risks. In this context, our understanding of whether capital controls are used in practice to mitigate macroeconomic or financial stability remains limited. Using a novel database on high-frequency capital account regulations for 47 advanced and emerging economies from 2008 to 2020, this paper empirically assesses this question. Our main findings are that: (a) in emerging markets there is a strong association of capital controls on inflows to mitigate risks to macro stability but not financial stability risks; (b) in advanced economies there is a robust association between capital controls on inflows to lean against the buildup of financial stability but not macro stability risks; (c) banking sector flows, but not aggregate capital flows, are strongly associated with tightening capital controls on inflows in emerging markets; and (d) pooling advanced and emerging economies attenuates regression estimates and would lead to concluding that capital controls have weak association with both financial and macro stability motives. Our results can be rationalized by the greater capital flows, more volatile business cycles and stronger interaction between business and financial cycles in emerging markets, and the deeper asset markets found in advanced economies.     

What drives portfolio investments of German banks in emerging capital markets?

After decades of steady liberalization and financial market development, emerging capital markets experienced unparalleled capital inflows in the aftermath of the emerging markets crisis of the 1990s. This paper studies portfolio investment decisions of German banks in emerging capital markets from 2002 to 2007. The use of a dynamic time-series cross-section framework and the micro database External Position Report provided by Deutsche Bundesbank permit insights into the various determinants of portfolio investments in ECMs. For example, there is evidence that German banks take into account the various dimensions of financial market development in their portfolio investment decisions and anticipate the special risks inherent in emerging markets. Proxies for the overall development and efficiency of capital markets have the highest economic significance of all variables. The introduction of depositary receipts programs has a positive impact on stock market investment. Moreover, there is evidence that global risk aversion exerts a significant influence in times of financial turmoil.     

A Survey of Emerging Derivatives Markets

This paper summarizes theoretical and empirical research on the roles and functions of emerging derivatives markets and the resulting implications on policy and regulations. Previous studies revealed that commodity derivatives markets offered an effective and welfare-improving method to deal with price volatility. Financial derivatives markets have helped to support capital inflows into emerging market economies. On the other hand, the use of financial derivatives has led to exacerbated volatility and accelerated capital outflow. There is a consensus that derivatives are seldom the cause of a financial crisis but they could amplify the negative effects of the crisis and accelerate contagion. Previous studies of derivatives markets have supported the hedging role of emerging derivatives markets. Empirical results from a few emerging countries suggest a price discovery function of emerging futures markets. The findings on the price stabilization function of emerging derivatives markets are mixed. Finally, recent research has documented that constructive development of derivatives markets in emerging market economies needs to be supported by sound macroeconomic fundamentals as well as updated financial policies and regulations.     

What are the risks when investing in thin emerging equity markets: Evidence from the Arab world

This study attempts to identify the risks involved when investing in five emerging Arab capital markets. We first find that a constant beta is not a good proxy for risk in these thinly traded emerging markets. However, firms’ fundamentals and country risk rating factors prove significant in explaining the cross-sections of stock returns. The paper provides three important contributions to the literature on asset pricing in emerging capital markets: (i) we show how country risk ratings can be aggregated into a country risk factor; (ii) we add to a growing literature suggesting that, in markets other than the US, it is possible to find large and growth stocks to be riskier than small and value stocks; (iii) we determine that despite economic, financial and political reforms, issues related to financial transparency and political instability are still powerful obstacles to investments in these nascent emerging markets.     

Taper Tantrum and Emerging Equity Market Slumps

In the post-global financial crisis period, the central banks of the advanced economies pursued unconventional monetary policies, such as the United States (U.S.) Federal Reserve’s quantitative easing (QE). Those policies and their unwinding may significantly affect cross-border capital flows and thus destabilize the financial systems of emerging markets. For example, emerging markets experienced substantial financial instability during the taper tantrum triggered by U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke’s May 2013 announcement of the potential unwinding of QE. In this article, we examine the spillovers from the taper tantrum on emerging markets more rigorously by using econometric analysis to empirically assess the effect on equity markets in emerging markets. Our central finding that virtually all emerging-market equity markets were affected by the taper tantrum highlights the need for emerging-market authorities to remain vigilant about the effects of advanced-economy monetary policies on their financial stability.     

Internationalization and the capital structure of firms in emerging markets: Evidence from Latin America before and after the financial crisis

This study examines the impact of internationalization on the capital structure of firms in emerging markets before and after the financial crisis of 2008, with evidence from five countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru). We find that before the financial crisis, Latin American MNCs are characterized by lower debt levels than purely domestic firms. However, after the financial crisis, we find that the MNCs are characterized by higher debt levels. This finding suggests that after the financial crisis, the Latin American MNCs (like many firms) may be taking advantage of their access to low interest rates in the global capital markets.     

Multinational banking and the international transmission of financial shocks: Evidence from foreign bank subsidiaries

Using bank-level data on 368 foreign subsidiaries of 68 multinational banks in 47 emerging economies during 1994–2008, we present consistent evidence that internal capital markets in multinational banking contribute to the transmission of financial shocks from parent banks to foreign subsidiaries. We find that internal capital markets transmit favorable and adverse shocks by affecting subsidiaries’ reliance on their own internal funds for lending. We also find that the transmission of financial shocks varies across types of shocks; is strongest among subsidiaries in Central and Eastern Europe, followed by Asia and Latin America; is global rather than regional; and becomes more conspicuous in recent years. We also explore various conditions under which the international transmission of financial shocks via internal capital markets in multinational banking is stronger, including the subsidiaries’ reliance on funds from their parent bank, the subsidiaries’ entry mode, and the capital account openness and banking market structure in host countries.     

Financial globalization, financial crises and contagion

Two observations suggest that financial globalization played an important role in the recent financial crisis. First, more than half of the rise in net borrowing of the U.S. non-financial sectors since the mid-1980s has been financed by foreign lending. Second, the collapse of the U.S. housing and mortgage-backed-securities markets had worldwide effects on financial institutions and asset markets. Using an open-economy model where financial intermediaries play a central role, we show that financial integration leads to a sharp rise in net credit in the most financially developed country and to large asset price spillovers of country-specific shocks to bank capital. The impacts of these shocks on asset prices are amplified by bank capital requirements based on mark-to-market.     

Sterilization of short-term capital inflows—through lower interest rates?

Reductions in international interest rates are a major cause of capital flows to emerging economies. Increases in domestic interest rates are a frequent policy response to the resulting price increases. This is often unsuccessful. The paper suggests a theoretical explanation based on distinctive features of emerging financial markets, including imperfect asset substitutability and imperfect capital mobility for some sectors of the economy. It concludes that the appropriate policy response to capital inflows may be lower interest rates.