通货膨胀目标制理论与实证研究综述

通货膨胀目标制是20世纪90年代开始实施的一种新型的货币政策理论,各国金融经济学家们对这种新的理论框架开展了大量的理论和实证研究.通货膨胀目标制通过钉住通货膨胀可以减低通货膨胀预期、增强中央银行透明度和责任度,从而提高货币政策和中央银行的可信度,这对新兴市场和转型国家的宏观经济发展和货币政策目标的选择具有一定的借鉴意义.     

通货膨胀目标制真的有效吗——基于国际实践经验考察

通货膨胀目标制是货币政策规则理论的重要发展成果,并作为稳定物价体系和金融市场的工具被众多国家所采用.但是,国内外学术界对于通货膨胀目标制的实施效果莫衰一是,争论剧烈.文章以32个国家作为研究样本,通过基于面板数据的DID模型,实证考察了通货膨胀目标制是否真的有效这一命题.研究得出,采用通货膨胀目标制后,政策实施国家和非政策实施国家的差异缩小了,而且政策实施国家通胀水平的下降幅度远远高于非政策实施国家的下降幅度,通货膨胀目标制对新兴市场国家的影响要高于对工业化国家.     

通货膨胀目标制的国际实践及其启示

一、通货膨胀目标制理论的内涵通货膨胀目标是由官方公开宣布未来一段时间内需要达到的通货膨胀目标或区间,明确承认低的、稳定的通货膨胀率是货币政策的首要长期目标(Bernanke,1999)。目标区间的宽度传达出中央银行对政策效应的不确定性进行评估的有用信息。在中央银行选择宣布目标区间的情况下.一个     

通货膨胀目标制在中国适用吗?

通货膨胀目标制是由新西兰于1990年首次采用的一种新型的货币政策框架,经过二十多年的发展,已经形成了一个新货币政策理论体系。为了全面分析通货膨胀目标制的主要特征,本文首先对通货膨胀目标制进行了内涵阐述,其次对实行通货膨胀目标制国家的实践进行了经验总结,最后结合我国当前的实际情况,对通货膨胀目标制在我国的适用性问题进行了实证研究。     

通货膨胀目标制在发展中国家的实践研究

从通货膨胀目标制的内容、比较发展中国家通货膨胀目标制的制度设计、选取有代表性的国家进行分析的思路着手,运用比较、分析的方法,对通货膨胀目标制在发展中国家的实践进行探讨。     

通货膨胀目标制的理论与实践评析

20世纪90年代以来,在国际上出现了一个全新的货币政策框架——通货膨胀目标制,且成为新兴市场国家的新宠。通货膨胀目标制的产生有其特殊的历史背景,在发展过程中其内容不断丰富。虽然目前我国尚不具备实行通货膨胀目标制的条件,而且各界对通货膨胀目标制评价不一,但其积累的成功经验,仍值得我国中央银行在货币政策操作中借鉴。     

通货膨胀目标制的操作模式及其面临的主要问题

本文结合通货膨胀目标制的实践,对通货膨胀目标制的操作模式进行了系统分析,以此为基础,进一步阐明通货膨胀目标制在实践中面临的主要问题.结合中国的实际情况,分析了我国实施通货膨胀目标制所面临的主要困难,指出目前对我国来说最重要的,是要借鉴通货膨胀目标制的优点,加快建设和完善相关的制度条件、技术条件,对于是否现在就要宣布实行通货膨胀目标制,则并非问题的关键.     

通货膨胀目标制及其在我国实行的可行性分析

货币政策的选择要根据一国经济发展状况而定,随着人们在实践中不断积累经验,寻求更合理的政策目标,货币政策也随之发生着改变。20世纪90年代开始,以通货膨胀目标制为主要内容的货币政策成为了不少国家和地区的新选择,其中新西兰是被学术界认为实行该政策最具代表性的国家。从经验来看,市场经济制度比较健全的国家具有一些共同的经济特征,比如中央银行可以独立制定货币政策、利率市场化和汇率自由浮动等。     

中国货币政策目标制的选择--基于开放经济体的实证北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文使用开放经济下的新凯恩斯模型实证分析了开放经济体中不同的货币政策目标制。结果表明,面对国内利率政策、技术、国外通货膨胀、国外产出和国外实际利率冲击时,由灵活通货膨胀目标、资本自由流动和完全浮动的汇率构成的货币政策目标体系能够有效吸收冲击,减缓经济波动。相比而言,严格通胀目标制无法有效吸收国内外冲击,所以我国在开放经济下选择货币政策目标时,并不一定要选择严格通货膨胀目标,可以选择一些灵活通货膨胀目标的政策框架。此外,能够有效吸收各种冲击的灵活通胀目标、资本自由流动和完全浮动汇率制组成的目标体系也为我国货币政策和汇率制度改革提供了方向。     

中国货币政策目标制的选择——基于开放经济体的实证

本文使用开放经济下的新凯恩斯模型实证分析了开放经济体中不同的货币政策目标制。结果表明,面对国内利率政策、技术、国外通货膨胀、国外产出和国外实际利率冲击时,由灵活通货膨胀目标、资本自由流动和完全浮动的汇率构成的货币政策目标体系能够有效吸收冲击,减缓经济波动。相比而言,严格通胀目标制无法有效吸收国内外冲击,所以我国在开放经济下选择货币政策目标时,并不一定要选择严格通货膨胀目标,可以选择一些灵活通货膨胀目标的政策框架。此外,能够有效吸收各种冲击的灵活通胀目标、资本自由流动和完全浮动汇率制组成的目标体系也为我国货币政策和汇率制度改革提供了方向。     

适度提高通胀容忍度有利于引导和管理通胀预期

中央银行应当致力于提高货币政策透明度,设置合适的通胀目标,以此引导和管理通胀预期。现阶段经济主体对通货膨胀的容忍度有所提高,适度提高通胀目标能减少频繁的目标偏离,增强中央银行的公信力,提高货币政策的有效性。实证研究表明,4.5%左右和[2%,6%]可以作为现阶段通胀目标值和目标区间的参考值。     

中国核心通货膨胀率的度量及其货币政策涵义

基于包含实际总产出、货币供给M2和CPI的向量自回归模型(VAR),将CPI分解为长期变动趋势和短期波动项。将长期趋势部分定义为核心通货膨胀率。运用1994～2009年中国季度数据进行实证检验,核心通胀率与CPI有长期均衡关系,主导CPI的长期变动趋势,是CPI的前导变量,能够为预测CPI提供有用信息,对为中央银行判断总体通货膨胀走势、制定及时有效的货币政策有所启示。     

Effectiveness of alternative channels of monetary policy transmission: some evidence for India

In this article, we have employed ‘shutdown’ methodology, not used before in the Indian context, to study the relative importance of alternative channels of monetary policy transmission. We have, for the first time, studied the impact of monetary policy on consumer price index (CPI) inflation. In response to a shock to the operating target, the maximum decline in gross domestic product growth occurs with a lag of two to three quarters, while the impact on inflation (both CPI and wholesale price index) is felt with a lag of three to four quarters. The interest rate channel is found to be the most dominant channel of monetary policy transmission in India.     

Futures prices and inflation information

This study examines the timing and speed with which inflation futures prices absorb inflation information. Results of the study show that inflation futures prices already reflect the expected inflation. Moreover, 71% of unexpected inflation has been reflected in futures prices about 25 business days prior to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) announcement, which usually coincides with the end of the CPI measurement period. Reaction to the remaining 29% occurs on and shortly after the CPI announcement date, especially on day 0 and day 2. The inflation risk premium that investors are willing to pay to avoid uncertain inflation is estimated to be 1.41% per annum.     

Following the leader? The relevance of the Fed funds rate for inflation targeting countries

In a New-Keynesian model for a small open economy, we derive a CPI inflation-based Taylor rule that implements the flexible price allocation. We conclude that, in this rule, the natural rate of interest should be linked to the foreign interest rate and to domestic productivity shocks. This rule ensures that the CPI real rate moves in order to induce movements in consumption that are coherent with the flexible price allocation. The empirical evidence shows that inflation-targeting central banks respond to movements in the Fed funds rate, besides reacting to expected CPI inflation and to the domestic output gap. This is true for developed and emerging economies. Furthermore, we find that in emerging countries the response to foreign variables is not different from zero, as suggested by theory, when domestic inflation, rather than CPI inflation, is introduced in the policy rule.     

我国货币政策中介目标选择的思考

货币政策中介目标的确定关系到货币政策最终目标是否能够实现,然而无论是从相关性、可控性还是可测性上来看,货币供应量作为我国央行中介目标客观上已经不合时宜。在利率和汇率尚未完全市场化的情况下,解决货币供应量目标制存在问题的方法是放弃任何中介目标,采取通货膨胀率目标制。     

Monetary policy when potential output is uncertain: Understanding the growth gamble of the 1990s

The Fed kept interest rates low and essentially unchanged during the late 1990s despite a booming economy and record-low unemployment. These interest rates were accommodative by historical standards. Nonetheless, inflation remained low. How did the Fed succeed in sustaining rapid economic growth without fueling inflation and inflationary expectations? In retrospect, it is evident that the productive capacity of the economy increased. Yet as events unfolded, there was uncertainty about the expansion of the capacity of the economy and therefore about the sustainability of the Fed's policy.This paper provides an explanation for the success of the Fed in accommodating growth with stable inflation in the late 1990s. It shows that if the central bank is committed to reverse policy errors it makes because of unwarranted optimism, inflation can remain in check even if the central bank keeps interest rates low because of this optimism. In particular, a price level target—which is a simple way to model a commitment to offset errors—can serve to anchor inflation even if the public does not share the central bank's optimism about shifts in potential output. The paper shows that price level targeting is superior to inflation targeting in a wide range of situations. The paper also provides econometric evidence that, in contrast to earlier periods, the Fed has recently put substantial weight on the price level in setting interest rates. Moreover, it shows that CPI announcement surprises lead to reversion in the price level. Finally, it provides textual evidence that Alan Greenspan puts relatively more weight on the price level than inflation.     

Can aggregation explain the persistence of inflation?

An aggregation exercise is proposed that aims at investigating whether the fast average adjustments of the disaggregate inflation series of the euro area CPI is coherent with the slow adjustment of euro area aggregate inflation. Estimating a dynamic factor model for 404 inflation sub-indices of the euro area CPI allows to decompose the dynamics of inflation sub-indices into a part due to a common macroeconomic shock and to sector specific idiosyncratic shocks. Although idiosyncratic shocks dominate the variance of sectoral prices, one common factor appears to be the main driver of aggregate dynamics. In addition, the heterogenous propagation of this common shock across sectoral inflation rates, and in particular its slow propagation to inflation rates of services, generates the persistence of aggregate inflation. We conclude that the aggregation mechanism explains a significant amount of aggregate inflation persistence.     

通胀目标调整、政策可信度与宏观调控效应北大核心

本文通过构建包含范式转变特征的DSGE模型,对通胀目标调整过程中的结构性变化以及政策可信度如何影响这一结构转变进行研究,并在此基础上分析通胀目标调整过程中政策可信度对宏观经济波动的调控效应。本文分析得到:在政策当局做出政策目标调整后,如果市场预期这一政策可信,那么主要经济变量将会在政策调整期内达到目标均衡水平;反之,如果市场预期这一政策不可信,那么市场预期和政策目标之间的分歧将使得主要经济变量偏离目标均衡水平,导致政策调整无法实现其既定目标。同时,政策可信度不仅有助于实现既定的政策目标,还能降低政策实施过程中的经济波动,具有较好的宏观调控效应,从而降低政策实施成本。特别是,政策可信度对宏观经济波动的这一稳定效应在中长期内更为明显。本文分析为理解经济结构性转变过程中的政策信用和预期管理等问题提供了一些新的思路和方法。     

General equilibrium pricing of CPI derivatives

We examine the issue of pricing forward futures and option contracts written on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the change of which is a measure of inflation affecting the economy. Traditional approaches postulate an exogenous process for the price level and then derive CPI derivatives prices by standard arbitrage arguments. By contrast, we build the general equilibrium of a continuous time monetary economy that is affected by both real and nominal shocks. The price level and thus the inflation rate are found endogenously and solutions for the prices of CPI derivatives are obtained, which are in closed form in a specialized version of the economy.