中国货币中性与非中性的实证检验

当前这场席卷全球的金融危机告诉我们:正确地认识货币供应量与实体经济之间的关系并确定相应的货币政策中介目标,是引导经济持续健康发展的重要前提.鉴于此,本文采用了中国1996-2008年的季度数据,通过建立向量误差修正模型,对中国货币是否为中性进行了实证检验.结果表明,中国货币不但在短期表现为非中性,在长期也是非中性的.     

货币中性非中性与货币政策有效性的研究

对于货币中性、非中性的研究主要集中在货币能否对实体经济产生影响,不同经济学派在各自的假设条件下所得出的结论也各不相同。货币是否中性是实施货币政策的前提和关键所在。更进一步说,我国货币的中性问题直接涉及到货币政策有效性以及如何制定货币政策的问题,因此,有必要对我国的货币中性问题进行深入的研究。本文正是在这样的背景下,以我国的货币供应量为研究对象,采用理论与实证相结合的方法,研究我国的货币政策的有效性问题。首先对货币中性问题进行理论回顾,将经典的货币中性与非中性理论进行阐述;其次,将已有的关于货币中性问题的理论进行归纳和比较;然后,根据我国货币政策的实际情况进行理论和实证研究,并根据实证分析的结果提出相应的政策建议。     

货币中性与非中性——基于中国货币市场的实证研究

关于货币中性、非中性就主要是研究货币对经济的影响,货币中性与非中性的争论已经延续了一个多世纪,不同经济学派在各自的假设条件下所得出的结论也各不相同。本文以现代西方货币理论中关于货币中性与非中性的判断方法为理论依据,选取1991年到2011年最新宏观数据,对我国货币供给与GDP之间的关系进行了平稳性检验和格兰杰因果检验,通过建立误差修正模型得出了我国货币非中性的结论。     

货币中性问题探究

作为实物分析与货币分析方法论划分的分水岭,货币中性问题是货币经济学中长期争论的热点问题,在经济学界,不同的经济学家对货币供给与实物经济之间的关系有着不同的看法。有鉴于此,本文首先对货币中性这个货币经济学中最重要和最基本的理论命题进行理论回顾,并通过引入动态经济的研究方法,推导出货币中性定理及其失效的可能性。最后,基于理性预期对货币中性问题以及相应的货币政策有效性进行分析,最终得出货币当局在实施货币政策时,应增强政策的透明度和可信度的结论。     

关于货币中性与非中性理论问题的经验总结

货币中性抑或非中性问题一直是现代经济学中各个流派争论的焦点之一。笔者认为，货币是否中性取决于市场经济体制建立和完善的程度，从历史与现实的发展来看，货币非中性论可能更合理、更贴近现实。从不同的市场环境和条件来看，在完全竞争的市场经济条件下，货币是中性的；在完全计划经济条件下，货币的作用非常有限；而在混合经济条件下，货币可以对经济运行发挥重要的调节作用。     

浅析货币中性论与货币非中性论

货币中性或非中性一直是经济学发展过程中一个颇有争议的问题。经济学家定义:如果货币供应的变化仅仅影响一般价格水平,即一定量的货币供应增加(或减少)只影响一般价格水平的上升(或下降),则称货币是中性的;反之,即一定量的货币供应变化能引起实际利率、产出水平等其他实际经济变量的变化和调整,则称货币是非中性     

新凯恩斯主义的非中性理论简析

新凯恩斯主义是二十世纪八十年代为应对各种自由主义学派对凯恩斯主义抨击而出现的一个学派,本文对新凯恩斯主义有关货币中性与非中性理论进行了介绍和评价。     

评价中国货币政策的一个分析框架

货币供应量是否合适，可以从实际货币供应量与中性货币供应量的差异角度来进行分析。中性货币供应量是指与一国经济自然增长率和正常货币深化系数相适应的货币供应量。本文通过中国改革开放以来的经验数据计算出中国经济的自然增长率和货币深化系数，从而得出相应的中性货币供应量。在此基础上给出了一套评价中国货币政策效果的分析框架，并据此对改革开放以来的中国货币政策进行评价和提出相应的政策建议。     

理性预期学派的货币中性评析

20世纪70年代滞胀问题使凯恩斯主义陷入危机,以卢卡斯为代表的理性预期学派趁势而起,他们以理性预期和市场出清为假设,证明了凯恩斯主义相机抉择的经济政策并不能促进经济稳定,主张政府减少对经济的干预,重新回归到古典经济学所提倡的自由主义。本文对以卢卡斯为代表的理性预期学派的货币中性理论、货币政策进行了评析。     

中国1952—2006货币、产出与价格间关系的实证分析

本文分别采用1952—2006年度和1990—2006季度的货币、产出和价格数据对中国在样本期内的货币与经济之间的关系作了计量分析。检验结果显示中国货币供给有相当程度的内生性，实际产出要领先货币1—2年；短期内货币和产出、价格等实际变量之间相互影响，长期内货币供给被价格完全吸收，没有产出效应，货币呈现长期中性；在西方国家的货币超中性在中国也得到了实证。取1990年为结构变换点，经济转轨并没有改变货币、产出与价格间的基本关系。检验结果显示中国应采用M1作为货币政策的中介目标。     

Using artificial neural network and multivariate analysis techniques to evaluate road operating conditions

Regional paved roads are low volume roads with a prevalence of heavy traffic. In the world, these roads concern about 80% of the total road network; however, the traffic that affects these roads is about 20%. Since regional roads are characterized by weak demand, budget for their management/maintenance is very low. This produces considerable difficulties in the choice of strategies for maintenance planning and scheduling. For this reason, the recurring topics of research in this field deal with typical roads issues and aim to develop low cost tools and methods. The study proposes a decision support system to evaluate regional paved roads operating condition in relation to the hydrogeological situation. In particular, the system allows to evaluate in a quick and easy manner, the operating conditions of the road, through low-cost tools (i.e. using low economic resources). This is very useful in the case of LVRs because administrations for these roads have a limited budget. The procedure is developed on a regional paved roads network based on more than 80 roads located in Southern Italy. Data is collected by direct surveys in the field and is integrated with cartography and information available in road agency records. From data analysis, obtained using two different techniques, an easy and quick use procedure is made. In particular, Model 1 is built through multivariate analysis and Model 2 using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. The results show the validity of the two models in Regional paved roads operating conditions estimation in relation to hydrogeological situations of sites. Both models show good reliability. In particular, the first model (Model 1) is characterized by a high level of significance (p < 0.01) and by a coefficient of determination equal to 0.82. Comparative tests between the second model (Model 2) on which standard tests cannot be performed for obvious reasons, and the first model (Model 1). The results show that the ANN model (model 2), characterized by lower residual, simulates more accurately than the second (Model 1).     

构建我国中性税制的设想

目前,我国财政政策已由“积极”转向“稳健”,税收作为财政的一个重要组成部分,应积极响应财政政策。我国现阶段通过以减税为特征的税种“中性化”来构建的“中性税制”,既符合市场经济发展的要求,又不会影响到财政收入,而且能积极响应稳健财政政策的实施。构建我国现阶段“中性税制”,必须“充分体现税收中性,并适当坚持税收调控”这一核心。     

Bounds for option prices and expected payoffs

This article sharpens Lo's upper bounds for option prices using an alternative approach with the assumption that the underlying asset price is continuously distributed. The increased sharpness is obtained using additional information about the distribution of the underlying assets. It is shown in this article that a large portion of Lo's upper bounds is the maximum of our bounds over all possible distributions.     

Valuing and Pricing Retail Leases with Renewal and Overage Options

We consider retail leases with landlord overages options, with tenant renewal options, with both and with neither. We illustrate how the ratio of initial expected sales to the sales threshold can be manipulated to equate the value of the landlord overage options to that of the tenant renewal option at the same initial rent. Not only are the values equal, but the cumulative distributions of potential IRRs on the two leases are nearly identical, suggesting that these leases are equally attractive to risk-averse investors and thus that the same risky discount rate can be used in valuing the leases. In contrast, the appropriate risky discount rate for the overage lease is calculated to be 75–160 basis points greater than that for the renewal lease.     

俄罗斯卢布汇率政策实施机制

文章分析了俄罗斯为最终实现卢布汇率自由浮动的汇率政策目标的制度探索,认为其现已建立起一套机制复杂但运作灵活的卢布汇率形成机制。文章介绍了2013年10月以来俄罗斯完善卢布汇率制的主要措施,包括扩大卢布对双货币篮子汇率每日浮动的“中立区间”,在卢布对双货币篮子汇率每日浮动区间中增设“技术区间”,下调每日外汇干预的目标额度等。     

Forward-neutral valuation relationships for options on zero coupon bonds

This paper extends the literature on Risk-Neutral Valuation Relationships (RNVRs) to derive valuation formulae for options on zero coupon bonds when interest rates are stochastic. We develop Forward-Neutral Valuation Relationships (FNVRs) for the transformed-bounded random walk class. Our transformed-bounded random walk family of forward bond price processes implies that (i) the prices of the zero coupon bonds are bounded below at zero and above at one, and (ii) negative continuously compounded interest rates are ruled out. FNVRs are frameworks for option pricing, where the forward prices of the options are martingales independent of the market prices of risk. We illustrate the generality and flexibility of our approach with models that yield several new closed-form solutions for call and put options on discount bonds.     

A multivariate jump-driven financial asset model

We discuss a Lévy multivariate model for financial assets which incorporates jumps, skewness, kurtosis and stochastic volatility. We use it to describe the behaviour of a series of stocks or indexes and to study a multi-firm, value-based default model. Starting from an independent Brownian world, we introduce jumps and other deviations from normality, including non-Gaussian dependence. We use a stochastic time-change technique and provide the details for a Gamma change. The main feature of the model is the fact that—opposite to other, non-jointly Gaussian settings—its risk-neutral dependence can be calibrated from univariate derivative prices, providing a surprisingly good fit.     

The Valuation of Interest Rate Digital Options and Range Notes Revisited

The aim of this paper is to value interest rate structured products in a simpler and more intuitive way than Turnbull (1995). Considering some assumptions with respect to the evolution of the term structure of interest rates, the price of a European interest rate digital call option is given. Recall it is a contract designed to pay one dollar at maturity if a reference interest rate is above a prespecified level (the strike), and zero in all the others cases. Combining two options of this type enables us to value a European range digital option. Then using a one factor linear gaussian model and the new well‐known change of numeraire approach, a closed‐form formula is found to value range notes which pay at the end of each defined period, a sum equal to a prespecified interest rate times the number of days the reference interest rate lies inside a corridor.     

Reading the smile: the message conveyed by methods which infer risk neutral densities

In this study we compare the quality and information content of risk neutral densities obtained by various methods. We consider a non-parametric method based on a mixture of log–normal densities, the semi-parametric ones based on an Hermite approximation or based on an Edgeworth expansion, the parametric approach of Malz which assumes a jump-diffusion for the underlying process, and Heston's approach assuming a stochastic volatility model. We apply those models on FF/DM exchange rate options for two dates. Models differ when important news hits the market (here anticipated elections). The non-parametric model provides a good fit to options prices but is unable to provide as much information about market participants expectations than the jump-diffusion model.     

Due Process Failure in Sector-neutral Accounting Standard-setting

This study of due process in New Zealand draws upon information concerning events from 1993 to 1996 that resulted in the revision of a newly approved financial reporting standard and the withdrawal of requirements for the disclosure of director remuneration. Traditional consultation processes preceding approval of the standard failed to provide the FRSB with an adequate signal of the opposition to come, indicating a failure of due process. Analysis of this case study suggests adoption of a single and sector-neutral Board in New Zealand was undertaken with a poor appreciation of how to manage effective due process in a 'sector-neutral' world.