台湾非营利组织税收制度及其启示

台湾地区非营利组织的发展大致经历3个阶段,税法针对非营利组织发展过程中的特性逐步形成“双宽”型,即宽泛的税收优惠政策与宽松的税收征管措施相配合的税收制度。从台湾非营利组织税制中可以发现大陆非营利组织税制面临着的问题以及如此发展下去的结果,这为后者的改进和完善提供了宝贵的经验。     

略论我国非营利组织的税收制度改进

我国尚未建立专门、系统的针对非营利组织的税收法律制度,与国际上在实体法与监管方面的经验相比,我国税制在非营利组织概念与分类的界定、优惠政策区别对待、受赠资格认定、对捐赠者的税收激励与对非营利组织监管方面存在空白与不足.应建立统一的非营利组织税法体系,在区分公益性与互益性组织的基础上,以收入来源准则为主,兼顾收入用途标准调整对非营利组织经营行为的优惠范围与尺度;同时,优化公益捐赠税收优惠制度,统一税权,强化非营利组织的信息披露义务.     

我国非营利组织营利活动的税收优惠问题

我国现行针对非营利组织的税收优惠法律制度规定较为笼统,对非营利组织营利性和非营利性的标准没有明确。因此,主张不论非营利组织从事营利性还是非营利性活动都给与税收优惠可能违背税收优惠政策制定的初衷。本文提出应从静态的资格优惠转向动态的行为优惠,以营利活动是否体现组织的非营利目的为标准来确定税收优惠政策在非营利组织营利性活动方面的适用。     

我国非营利组织的税收法律制度研究

21世纪，我国将实现政府职能的转型，大量的事业将主要由各类社会非营利组织来承担。我国非营利组织有关适用的税收政策存在着各种各样的若干问题。这些问题的存在是与我国改革开放发展的进程相联系，并与我国非营利组织还处于发展的初级阶段、组织运作管理尚不规范等原因密不可分。因此，必须对现行的有关税收政策和税收制度进行多方面的改革，以促进和鼓励非营利组织的发展。本文分析了非营利组织税制的现状和存在的问题，提出改革的方法及措施，以完善我国现代税制，简化程序，更好地支持非营利组织的发展．     

中澳非营利组织税务管理的比较及思考

我国现行税制没有对非营利组织制定专门的税务管理制度。本文通过对澳大利亚和我国非营利组织税务管理的情况进行分析和比较,从多方面、多角度地探究了完善我国非营利组织税务管理之路。     

从税收的原则和职能看我国现行税制存在的问题

从公平税负原则看现行税制存在的问题 我国税制采用以间接税为主体的税制结构,这种税制结构便于均衡、及时组织税收收     

非营利组织所得税政策的国际比较

国际标准强调非营利组织的法人地位,并附带限制条件。国际上对非营利组织的所得税免税范围较窄,且各国对非营利组织投资收益和经营活动是否征税做法不一。作者建议我国对非营利组织投资收益不予免税,并且应区别与非营利事业有关的商业活动收入和与非营利事业无关的商业活动收入,实行差别对待。我国对企业和个人向非营利组织捐赠采取税收抵免的办法是比较成功的,不足之处是要通过指定的机构捐赠和税收抵免限额较低,这在一定程度上限制了企业和个人向非营利组织捐赠的积极性。     

美国非营利组织的税收制度及其借鉴

非营利组织在美国社会经济生活中发挥着重要作用,成为名副其实的"第三部门"。在美国,除了政府直接拨款资助外,主要通过税收优惠对非营利组织进行间接支持,同时,还通过惩罚性税收和严格的税收管理来限制和规范非营利组织的活动。借鉴其经验,有助于促进我国非营利组织的发展。     

营利性行为分类与民间非营利组织税收优惠制度设计北大核心CSSCI

促进民间非营利组织遵守非营利宗旨是税收优惠的根本目的,而存在营利性行为并不等于民间非营利组织以营利为主要目的,只有当营利性行为"过度"或营利方式"不当",民间非营利组织的本质才会走向非营利宗旨的反面。因此,政府应按照"实质重于形式"原则,在民间非营利组织营利所得遵守"一个原则和两个标准"的前提下,根据营利性行为的营利方式和营利"度"的分类分别确定不同的免税、减税标准,形成科学的税收优惠制度,更好地促进民间非营利组织履行社会公益使命。     

非营利组织税收减免资格认证国内外比较及借鉴

在提供公共服务上,非营利组织相对具有缺陷的市场与较为有限的政府,有着高效率低成本的优点.处于转型期的中国,社会矛盾激增、人民需求多元化,使得非营利组织在中国健康规范化发展尤为重要.税收作为国家宏观调控的有效经济手段,适当的税收优惠,可以为非营利组织健康发展起到不可小觑的积极作用.但是许多非营利组织在获得减免税收资格就存在瓶颈,难以享受税收优惠.因此有必要学习和借鉴其他发达国家的相关政策与经验.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.