信息技术能力与内部控制绩效——来自沪深上市公司的经验证据

本文使用配对样本对照组的方法收集沪深上市公司数据,基于信息化视角对信息技术能力与内部控制绩效关系进行理论与实证研究。研究结果表明,拥有卓越信息技术能力的上市公司在经营效率效果、公司价值和财务报告信息真实和完整等方面有更好的表现;但是信息技术能力对提高资产安全性和促进经营管理合法合规没有显著影响。本研究不仅验证了信息技术能力对内部控制绩效的积极作用,还为有效提高我国企业内部控制水平、实现企业战略目标提供了新的视角。     

投资收益、经营效率和寿险企业市场绩效

中国寿险业的垄断型市场结构并没有造成垄断企业控制市场以获得超额利润的情况。本文选取中国人寿、泰康人寿、新华人寿三家企业1998年～2007年间的面板数据作为样本数据,分析了我国寿险公司绩效的影响因素,认为在中国寿险业日益激烈的市场竞争下,寿险企业的利润主要来自投资收益,经营效率高的企业虽然不能因为技术效率和规模效率而获得高利润,但是可以在竞争中占有更多的市场份额。     

中国银行业动态效率分析

本文利用数据包络分析法(DEA)对我国银行业1999-2008年的经营效率进行总体分析与评价,并利用Malmquist生产率指数对其效率变动进行了测算,研究结果表明,我国银行业生产经营效率呈现上升趋势,但整体水平仍然相对较低,商业银行存在与自身规模不相适应的管理能力。同时,银行业结构、区域分布、规模大小以及企业类型等因素会使银行业在综合技术效率、纯技术效率与规模效率方面存在差异。     

我国银行业市场势力与行业效率关系的实证研究

本文研究了我国银行业市场势力及其与行业效率之间的关系,分别以我国银行业的成本效率、规模效率和技术效率为因变量,以市场势力、银行规模、资产配置能力、产权结构、创新程度和稳定性为自变量,构建了三个效率影响因素模型,对市场势力与行业成本效率、规模效率和技术效率的关系进行了分析。结果发现,在总体水平上,市场势力与成本效率、技术效率之间存在显著的负影响,对规模效率的影响不显著。     

职工薪酬与会计稳健性——基于中国上市公司的经验证据

企业职工对未来可持续的高工资和管理层对未来低劳动力成本的不同期望,可能导致两者对会计稳健性需求的差异。本文以Khan et al.(2009)的C Score为会计稳健性的计量方式,分析了职工薪酬、工资刚性与会计稳健性的关系。结果显示:较高的职工薪酬与较强的会计稳健性相联系;工资的向下刚性特征与较强的会计稳健性相联系;作为工会规模代理变量的职工人数也与会计稳健性显著正相关。此外2008年实行《新劳动合同法》之后,企业的会计稳健性有了显著提高,这也可能侧面体现了职工与会计稳健性的关系。本文的研究意义在于联结了传统的职工薪酬研究和会计稳健性研究,对Watts(2003)提出的与会计稳健性相关的契约集合进行了扩展,显示了职工薪酬契约对会计稳健性的影响。     

中国银行业动态效率分析

本文利用数据包络分析法（DEA）对我国银行业1999-2008年的经营效率进行总体分析与评价,并利用Malmquist生产率指数对其效率变动进行了测算,研究结果表明,我国银行业生产经营效率呈现上升趋势,但整体水平仍然相对较低,商业银行存在与自身规模不相适应的管理能力。同时,银行业结构、区域分布、规模大小以及企业类型等因素会使银行业在综合技术效率、纯技术效率与规模效率方面存在差异。     

我国农民工低工资的一个可能性解释——基于效率工资模型及其扩展的思考

农民工资长期锁定在较低水平,是引发现阶段我国劳动力市场上同时出现用工荒与失业现象的重要原因之一。该问题的解决离不开对农民工低工资形成机制的研究。本文正是在此基础上回顾并分析了传统效率工资模型的合理性与局限性,将现行农地制度纳入到效率工资模型中．从农民工劳动需求与供给意愿两个层面探讨效率工资的决定。与此同时．进一步从现行的农地制度、户籍制度以及农民工供需数量三个方面解释了我国农民工的低工资现状。提出了从加大人力资本培训、构建统一市场等方面改善农民工工资低水平现状的基本思路。     

工资体制改革带来十大变化

工资体制改革带来十大变化我国工资体制在改革逐步加快的过程中，将出现下列十个方面的变化：一、政府将逐步取消对国有企业工资总额的直接控制，退出企业工资分配主体地位。二、企业经营者和职工在法律规范下就工资问题进行民主协商，将成为确定工资的主导方式。三、企业...     

我国银行业市场势力与行业效率关系的实证研究

本文主要研究我国银行业市场势力及其与行业效率之间的关系,分别以我国银行业的成本效率、规模效率和技术效率为因变量,以市场势力、银行规模、资产配置能力、产权结构、创新程度和稳定性为自变量,构建了三个效率影响因素模型,对市场势力与行业成本效率、规模效率和技术效率的关系进行了分析。结果发现,在总体水平上,市场势力对成本效率、技术效率之间存在显著负的影响,对规模效率的影响不显著。     

江苏城市离岸服务外包效率的影响因素分析

在运用SE-DEA方法对江苏省13个城市离岸服务外包效率评价的基础上,进一步将效率值作为因变量,并选取国际互联网用户数、普通高校毕业生人数、城镇在岗职工年平均工资、高新技术产业产值、第三产业占GDP的比重、进出口总额占GDP总额的比重作为自变量进行Tobit回归。结果表明：第三产业占GDP的比重对三个效率指标的影响呈显著正相关;国际互联网用户数与综合效率呈正相关;高新技术产业产值与规模效率呈负相关的程度小于与技术效率呈正相关的程度,进出口总额占GDP总额的比重则是由于与技术效率呈负相关的程度小于与规模效率呈正相关的程度,从而使得两者对综合效率的影响是正的;而普通高校毕业生人数和城镇在岗职工年平均工资与综合效率负相关。     

Did the National Minimum Wage Affect UK Prices?*

One potential channel through which the effects of the minimum wage could be directed is that firms that employ minimum‐wage workers could have passed on any higher labour costs resulting from the minimum wage in the form of higher prices. This study looks at the effects of the minimum wage on the prices of UK goods and services by comparing prices of goods and services produced by industries in which UK minimum‐wage workers make up a substantial share of total costs with prices of goods and services that make less use of minimum‐wage labour. Using sectoral‐level price data matched to Labour Force Survey data on the share of minimum‐wage workers in each sector, it is hard to find much evidence of significant price changes in the months that correspond immediately to the uprating of the national minimum wage. However, over the longer term, prices in several minimum‐wage sectors – notably, take‐away food, canteen meals, hotel services and domestic services – do appear to have risen significantly faster than prices in non‐minimum‐wage sectors. These effects were particularly significant in the four years immediately after the introduction of the minimum wage.     

Taxation and skills investment in frictional labor markets

This paper examines the effects of wage taxation and corporate income taxation on training investment in frictional labor markets. Because of labor market frictions, the wage structure is compressed and workers do not capture the entire return from their skills. As a result, both firms and workers have incentives to support part of the costs of training investments. The analysis shows that when decisions to invest in training are made by firms and workers acting cooperatively, a wage tax increases the level of investment in skills whereas a corporate income tax decreases it. In this case, the introduction of a small wage tax unambiguously increases efficiency. The effects of both types of taxes on training are reversed when investment decisions are taken by firms alone. In any case, a corporate income tax is not neutral with respect to decisions to invest in skills even if the full cost of investment is deducted from taxable income in the period when it is incurred and the tax system provides full loss offset.     

Employer Health Insurance Mandates and the Risk of Unemployment

Employer health insurance mandates form the basis of many health care reform proposals. Proponents make the case that they will increase insurance, while opponents raise the concern that low-wage workers will see offsetting reductions in their wages and that in the presence of minimum wage laws some of the lowest wage workers will become unemployed. We construct an estimate of the number of workers whose wages are so close to the minimum wage that they cannot be lowered to absorb the cost of health insurance, using detailed data on wages, health insurance, and demographics from the Current Population Survey (CPS). We find that 33 percent of uninsured workers earn within $3 of the minimum wage, putting them at risk of unemployment if their employers were required to offer insurance. Assuming an elasticity of employment with respect to minimum wage increase of -0.10, we estimate that 0.2 percent of all full-time workers and 1.4 percent of uninsured full-time workers would lose their jobs because of a health insurance mandate. Workers who would lose their jobs are disproportionately likely to be high school dropouts, minority, and female. This risk of unemployment should be a crucial component in the evaluation of both the effectiveness and distributional implications of these policies relative to alternatives such as tax credits, Medicaid expansions, and individual mandates, and their broader effects on the well-being of low-wage workers.     

The business cycle implications of reciprocity in labor relations

A reciprocity-based model of wage determination is incorporated into a modern dynamic general equilibrium framework and estimated on U.S. data. The estimation reveals that rent-sharing (between workers and firms) and wage entitlement (based on past wages) are important determinants of wage setting for the model to fit the dynamic responses of output, wages and inflation to various exogenous shocks. Aggregate employment conditions (measuring workers’ outside option), on the other hand, are found to play only a negligible role for wage setting. These results are consistent with micro-studies on reciprocity in labor relations but contrast with traditional efficiency wage models which emphasize aggregate labor market variables as the determinants of wage setting.     

最低工资与企业创新

本文考察了最低工资对企业创新的影响。研究发现,最低工资显著促进了企业创新,通过相邻样本分析、双重差分策略以及其他一系列稳健性检验发现,结论基本稳健。最低工资改善了企业的物质资本,降低了低技能工人就业,提高了高技能工人就业,促进了企业人力资本优化,从而为企业创新提供了硬件和软件条件。企业实现创新的方式有自创和引进技术两种,最低工资提高了企业的创新效率。进一步研究发现,最低工资改善了企业的要素结构和全要素生产率。异质性分析发现,最低工资对劳动密集型企业、平均工资较低的企业、行业竞争激烈的企业以及高市场化地区企业的创新影响更加明显。本文的研究结果表明,最低工资政策具有促进企业创新升级的作用,这与党的十九届五中全会提出的“坚持创新驱动发展”的战略目标相一致。     

Wage rigidity and job creation

Recent research in macroeconomics emphasizes the role of wage rigidity in accounting for the volatility of unemployment fluctuations. We use worker-level data from the CPS to measure the sensitivity of wages of newly hired workers to changes in aggregate labor market conditions. The wage of new hires, unlike the aggregate wage, is volatile and responds almost one-to-one to changes in labor productivity. We conclude that there is little evidence for wage rigidity in the data.     

最低工资与企业创新

本文考察了最低工资对企业创新的影响。研究发现,最低工资显著促进了企业创新,通过相邻样本分析、双重差分策略以及其他一系列稳健性检验发现,结论基本稳健。最低工资改善了企业的物质资本,降低了低技能工人就业,提高了高技能工人就业,促进了企业人力资本优化,从而为企业创新提供了硬件和软件条件。企业实现创新的方式有自创和引进技术两种,最低工资提高了企业的创新效率。进一步研究发现,最低工资改善了企业的要素结构和全要素生产率。异质性分析发现,最低工资对劳动密集型企业、平均工资较低的企业、行业竞争激烈的企业以及高市场化地区企业的创新影响更加明显。本文的研究结果表明,最低工资政策具有促进企业创新升级的作用,这与党的十九届五中全会提出的“坚持创新驱动发展”的战略目标相一致。     

Aversion to Student Debt? Evidence from Low-Wage Workers

We combine state minimum wage changes with individual-level income and credit data to estimate the effect of wage gains on the debt of low-wage workers. In the three years following a $0.88 minimum wage increase, low-wage workers experience a $2,712 income increase and a $856 decrease in debt. The entire decline in debt comes from less student loan borrowing among enrolled college students. Credit constraints, buffer-stock behavior, and other rational channels cannot explain the reduction in student debt. Our results are consistent with students perceiving a utility cost of borrowing student debt arising from mental accounting.     

Do Some People Work Harder than Others? Evidence from Real Estate Brokerage

The decision to work and its levels of intensity are estimated for the real estate brokerage industry where workers can set their own hours. A three-stage model of the brokerage labor market is presented with decisions made recursively between full- and part-time status, wage offers and hours worked. The application is to data from a cross-sectional survey of 6,842 real estate licensees in the United States for 1999. Conditional on self-selection, an expected wage for real estate licensees is estimated given skills and personal characteristics. That expected wage enters the supply-side equation for the number of hours worked. The findings indicate that skills such as education, experience and licensee status are related to higher wages, but there is a negative self-selection in wages: part-time workers have higher unmeasured skills. Schooling and experience decreases hours worked, consistent with increasing efficiency. The resulting labor supply elasticity with respect to the wage is 0.24.