中国房地产业对资本市场系统性风险的贡献度研究

本文以上证房地产指数代表房地产业,以上证综指代表资本市场,从静态和动态两方面度量房地产业对资本市场系统性风险的贡献度。度量结果发现房地产业对资本市场系统性风险贡献与经济整体变动趋势一致,房地产业在2008年美国次贷危机时期和2015年中国股灾时期系统性风险贡献较大,经济平稳时期系统性风险贡献小。通过对比沪市不同类型的房地产公司,结果发现住宅地产对资本市场的系统性风险贡献最大。本文还比较了房地产业、银行业、保险业、证券业和多元金融业对资本市场系统性风险贡献,结论表明房地产业对资本市场系统性风险溢出效应最大。房地产业与资本市场之间存在紧密的相关性,是可能引发资本市场系统性风险危机的重要来源,政策制定者应强化房地产业的监管。     

房地产业与银行业风险传染效应分析

2016年12月以来,历次中央经济工作会议均强调要坚持“房住不炒”的定位。我国房地产业与银行业关联度高,银行业爆发风险可能会迅速传染至整个金融市场,引发金融危机,因此对我国房地产业与银行业之间的风险传染效应进行研究,对今后更好地防范系统性金融风险意义重大。首先,引入向量修正模型(VECM),对房地产业与银行业之间风险传染机制进行研究,发现两个行业主要通过房价波动与银行信贷规模传导风险。其次,利用ARMA-GARCH-CoVaR模型测算房地产与银行业之间风险溢出强度,发现银行业对房地产业风险溢出强度更高,并根据结果具体分析了2008年金融危机、欧债危机、2015年“股灾”、部分房企爆雷、新冠感染等风险情景下,政府对两个行业实施宏观调控政策取得的成效以及风险溢出效应在不同时间段的新变化,最后提出建议。     

动态视角下房地产贷款对银行业系统性风险溢出研究

基于Credit Metrics模型动态度量房地产贷款信用风险,运用双重ΔCoVaR模型分析框架量化其对单家银行风险的影响,以及对银行业系统性风险的溢出,将总体溢出分解为直接溢出和间接溢出,考量房地产贷款信用风险对银行业系统性风险的传导途径。结果显示：一方面,房地产贷款信用风险近年来整体呈上升趋势,且对银行业风险溢出显著,尤其是大规模债务违约和新冠疫情的爆发加剧了溢出效应。另一方面,房地产贷款信用风险的间接溢出大于直接溢出,且高(低)系统重要性银行产生了更大的间接(直接)溢出,表明高系统重要性银行由于与其他银行的业务联系密切,其贷款信用风险更易引发银行业内的连锁反应从而间接刺激风险爆发;低系统重要性银行因为依赖少数大型客户贷款,面临信用丢失时缺乏强劲的风险缓冲能力,更可能直接对银行业的稳定造成显著破坏。     

银行业系统性风险监测预警体系与防控机制研究北大核心

金融危机爆发后,各国际监管组织和主要国家普遍加强了对系统性金融风险的研究和监管。近年来,我国银行业在规模体量、组织体系、架构布局、业务模式、跨国经营等方面发生了巨大变化,机构之间的关联性、渗透性、交互性增强,风险的系统性上升。本文在借鉴、吸纳既往研究成果的基础上,分析并提出了银行业系统性风险的内外二元生成机制,阐述了银行业系统性风险形成的内在机理;聚焦经济风险、信用风险、流动性风险、市场风险、关联风险等五大风险源,深入分析可能诱发银行业系统性风险的主要因素及其传导机制;运用熵值法测度指标权重,进而构建银行业系统性风险评价指数。实证检验表明,BAI指数和BPI指数具有较好的评价预警效果。最后,本文分析提出了防控银行业系统性风险的四项机制:健全宏观审慎管理体系;筑牢风险防控基础屏障;着力强化系统性风险监管;健全问题机构处置机制。     

房地产业与银行业风险溢出效应研究

房地产业和银行业均是资金密集型行业,风险管理是其健康发展的基石。在分析房地产业与银行业风险溢出机制基础上,采用GARCH-EVT模型、VaR-Granger因果关系检验模型研究我国房地产业与银行业间风险溢出效应,并基于条件风险价值CoVaR方法测度风险溢出强度。研究发现:a=5%显著水平下,房地产业与银行业之间存在双向的风险溢出效应;房地产业对银行业的风险溢出强度略强于银行业对房地产业的风险溢出强度,前者为36.73%,后者为33.96%。     

中国房地产企业间系统性风险溢出效应分析——基于尾部风险网络模型

本文以2007—2021年沪深A股上市房企为样本,首先基于SIM单指数分位数回归技术提出测量系统性风险的新指标SIM-CoVaR,并结合前沿的TENET网络模型,构造跨房地产企业风险动态传染的尾部风险网络,然后采用块模型探究房地产市场系统性风险溢出的聚类性、触发机制及传播路径,最后考察网络整体结构和宏观经济变量对房地产市场系统性风险溢出的影响。研究表明:(1)我国房地产企业间存在明显的系统性风险联动性和溢出效应,在市场动荡时期房地产部门是金融风险溢出的放大器;(2)评估系统重要性节点企业时,除考虑企业规模等内部属性,还应考虑房企间关联结构,利用系统性风险指数可有效捕捉网络中系统重要性节点;(3)跨房企的系统性风险溢出具有显著的聚类特征,尾部风险网络可被划分为4个不同的功能模块,各模块的成员及其角色呈现明显的时变特性,监管部门可据此从供给端“因企施策”;(4)网络聚集性、网络效率和网络匹配性的降低能显著降低房地产市场的系统性风险溢出效应。本文从企业微观层面探讨房地产市场风险的形成机制,为促进房地产业健康发展和防范化解宏观层面的系统性金融风险提供参考。     

时频视角下中国房地产业对金融系统的极端风险溢出——基于QVAR-BK模型的实证研究

守住不发生系统性金融风险底线是我国建设现代化经济体系、实现高质量发展的必然要求，作为金融市场中的关键一环，房地产市场是系统性金融风险重要监测领域。本文从时域和频域视角出发，采用QVAR模型和BK溢出指数相结合的方法，研究了房地产市场对金融系统和各个金融子市场的溢出效应，并重点考察了从正常状态到极端状态房地产业风险溢出水平及结构的变化。研究发现：第一，我国房地产业对金融系统的风险溢出由短期高频率的风险溢出所主导，且极端状态下的风险溢出显著强于正常状态；第二，极端正向和极端负向冲击下房地产业对金融系统的风险溢出呈现出明显的非对称性，且极端负向冲击下的溢出效应更强；第三，正常状态下房地产业对股市、债市等金融子市场的风险溢出大多被低估，极端事件发生后，房地产业短期内对债券市场的风险溢出明显增强，长期内对黄金市场的风险溢出明显增强。本文研究结论对我国有效防范房地产市场风险，促进房地产市场平稳健康发展具有政策启示。     

我国银行业信用风险宏观压力测试研究

本文通过实证研究提出并论证了一种宏观压力测试方法,该方法可用于银行业监管和系统性风险的防范.首先采用有序多分类Logistic模型测算行业原始违约概率,再运用MFD违约概率模型将宏观冲击因子引入以求得渗入宏观经济因子的违约概率,然后采用CreditRisk+模型分别测算不同宏观压力情景下与信用风险对应的经济资本变化,经...     

基于网络分析法的我国银行间风险传染效应研究

本文基于2012年我国115家商业银行的同业资产和同业负债数据,运用网络传导分析法评估了单家银行的异质性风险对整个银行体系的传染效应。结果发现:考虑到联合冲击因素并调减银行部门的资本金水平时,部分银行的异质性风险触发系统性金融风险并非是极端小概率事件。这表明,近年来我国银行业同业业务的较快发展,导致了银行体系具有潜在的脆弱性。另外,从风险传染的角度来看,大型国有商业银行、政策性银行及部分股份制商业银行具有系统重要性。对少数总资产规模较大的银行施加金融安全网保护,能有效抑制金融风险传染效应。为防范银行机构的道德风险问题,金融监管机构可以基于风险传染效应的评估,最大程度地降低对金融机构的救助范围。     

SCCA方法与系统性风险度量

金融危机引起的机构间风险传染、溢出和反馈效应,促使人们开始关注系统性风险。以Gray、Merton和Bodie为代表提出的或有权益分析方法,考察了以资产负债表为基础的微观经济扭曲是如何在经济部门间传导、扩散,并引致宏观危机发生的。在此基础上,结合极值分布理论和机构间违约相依关系的SCCA方法,可用于评估极端风险时期金融机构违约时债权人的预期损失,以及政府部门的偿债能力和维持金融稳定的能力。本文从或有权益分析方法的理论来源出发,介绍了SCCA方法的基本模型及其对金融机构相关风险指标的度量,同时对如何运用该模型度量金融体系的系统性风险和宏观经济风险进行了总结和梳理,并在此基础上归纳、分析了或有权益分析方法的优缺点,指出了该方法在实践中需考虑的问题。     

Book Review

Organisational risk propensity directly affects the decision‐making behaviour of employees, with linked impacts on the ongoing prosperity of the organisation. The literature on an individual's risk behaviour is extensive. However, few studies investigate the risk propensity of an organisation. This study uses primary data from interviews within a major change programme in a FTSE100 pharmaceutical organisation to explore the characteristics of organisational risk propensity. The data are analysed using open coding procedures from Grounded Theory in order to fragment the category of ‘organisational risk propensity’ into some constituent properties and dimensions. An integrative framework is then inductively derived which provides insights into risk propensity within the case context; together with some cues for implementing changes to the organisation's risk propensity if so desired. The output from this research also provides a useful base from which to develop a survey instrument for assessing organisational risk propensity.     

The criteria of acceptable risk in Russia

There do not exist acceptable risk criteria of any industrial activity in Russia. The authors analysed worldwide criteria of acceptable risk, industrial accident frequencies in Russia, and the real state that the technological equipment is in. Risk-reduction measures would require a significant amount of material input in Russia. In the present condition of the Russian economy this is practically impossible. For that reason, the establishment of risk levels of 10^?6 or less (fatalities per year) for the population living near major hazards plants (that would correspond to international practice) cannot be arranged for all industrial activities at present. Therefore, the following structure of zoning can be offered for individual risks. For existing potentially dangerous objects: (1) a risk level larger than 10^?4 deaths per year is a zone of inadmissible risk; (2) a risk level between 10^?4 and 10^?5 deaths per year is a zone of rigid risk control; (3) a risk level below 10^?5 deaths per year is a zone of acceptable risk. For new plants: the risk levels should be reduced one order of magnitude for each zone. Taking into account the results of the analysis of emergencies in Russia, the criteria of societal risk are also presented.     

Confidence,knowledge, and compliance with emergency evacuation

This article considers how risks are responded to through behavioral adaptations and avoidance strategies. We observe that such behavior can become totemistic and have a limited relationship to the risk it ostensibly answers to. Drawing upon examples such as recycling and original data from a study on drink‐spiking avoidance, the article sets out a new concept for discussing and understanding such risk‐related behavior: the ‘risk ritual’. We elaborate upon this concept in the article, identifying a number of tendencies in risk rituals and drawing upon anthropological and sociological work on the nature and uses of ritual. We compare the ‘risk ritual’ to religious and community rituals, exploring the connections between the former and the rain dance, religious ablutions, abstinence from eating meat on a Friday, and rite of passage ceremonies. Influenced by the cultural approach to risk, we argue that risk rituals, like rituals more generally, are shaped by social conditions, currents, and processes, such as the emphasis on personal responsibility for risk management and the desire to mark out the ‘sacred’ and the ‘profane’. The article concludes that ritualistic risk behavior is better viewed as functional rather than irrational.     

次贷危机后的保险业风险管理问题

2007年美国发生的次级贷危机再次将风险与风险管理的问题摆在了全球金融业面前,而以风险为主营业务的保险业更需要系统思考风险管理对于本行业健康运营的内在意义。本文从风险管理行为动机、非系统性风险的分散、系统性风险的控制三个方面分析了保险业影响危机发生及受到危机冲击的原因,进一步明确了今后保险业风险管理的发展方向,并提出通过建立合理目标、完善信息沟通机制和治理结构等为风险管理提供有效内部支持。     

Vector-valued coherent risk measures

We define (d,n)-coherent risk measures as set-valued maps from into satisfying some axioms. We show that this definition is a convenient extension of the real-valued risk measures introduced by Artzner et al. [2]. We then discuss the aggregation issue, i.e., the passage from valued random portfolio to valued measure of risk. Necessary and sufficient conditions of coherent aggregation are provided.Received: February 2004, Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 91B30, 46E30JEL Classification: D81, G31     

Risk perception and risk management in the Middle East market: theory and practice of multinational enterprises in Saudi Arabia

This exploratory study investigates the risk perception and risk management strategies of Western multinational enterprises in the Middle East. A sample of 49 German companies operating in Saudi Arabia provides the empirical setting for this research. The study reveals that cultural risk is assessed as more important in the business environment than political, financial, and economic risk. The most critical risk factors are not sufficiently included in the methodology of country risk measures, which are often used as a source for country‐specific risk information. In terms of risk management strategies, participating firms use mostly informal approaches rather than structured hedging or insurance products. Furthermore, we find that firm size has implications on the perception of some risk factors and for the level of risk management sophistication.     

Risk Management of Correlation Products

Trading units within the banking and dealer community that trade exotic instruments are well aware of the hazards of using traditional tools in analysing the risks resulting from positions taken in their specialised markets. The global risk management systems within these organisations have been slower to recognise the new risk profiles created by more recently traded exotic instruments. For traditional risks that are separable , the evaluation of risk at the individual trading units and the subsequent aggregation of risk across trading units captures the risks inherent in the portfolio. However, with non-traditional, non-separable risks, this division (by trading unit) and subsequent aggregation (by risk managers) of risks may obscure an increasing amount of risk found in the firm's trading operation.     

My computer is infected: the role of users’ sensation seeking and domain-specific risk perceptions and risk attitudes on computer harm

Literature has traditionally shown the potentially harmful consequences of risk-taking in a variety of domains. Less scholarly attention, however, has been directed to the study of risk-taking in the computer use domain. Using scanned data from 1902 computers, we sought to analyze the potentially harmful consequences that sensation-seeking and computer use risk perceptions and attitudes had on users’ computer vulnerability. Results of the study indicated that general sensation-seeking as well as computer use risk perceptions and risk attitudes were predictive of computer harm. The general measure of sensation-seeking was predictive of both risk perceptions and risk attitudes which in turn translated into the existence of malicious software in users’ computers.     

Risk perception and risk management in Norwegian aquaculture

This exploratory study seeks to provide empirical knowledge about fish farmers' risk attitudes, risk sources and risk management tools by presenting the results from a survey among Norwegian fish farming companies. The results show that fish farmers think of themselves as only moderately risk averse compared, for instance, to crop and livestock farmers. The most important sources of risk are considered to be future salmon prices, institutional risks and fish diseases, while keeping costs low is the most important risk management tool.     

Assessing risk-taking: what to measure and how to measure it

Abstract

Risk-taking has been a major field of interest for scientists and for applied purposes since decades. However, many researchers have noted that the current measurement instruments fail to show adequate validity and predictive power. Given the recent calls to develop new measures, this paper aims to highlight six key points that should be kept in mind when constructing or using measures of risk-taking concepts. Specifically, we encourage risk-taking scholars (a) to pay close attention to the terminology used in studies, (b) to distinguish measures of general and specific risk-taking, (c) to distinguish risk-taking from the appeal of risky activities, (d) to keep in mind the subjectivity of risk-taking, (e) to consider the measurement of passive risk-taking, and (f) to favour more realistic risk-taking tasks. Overall, these recommendations should help researchers to design and use more relevant risk-taking measures.