货币因素、供给冲击与中国通胀动态特征

本文将以货币供应量和汇率为代表的货币因素、供给因素以及需求因素引入菲利普斯曲线建立了新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线,并利用1995年第1季度～2013年第2季度的数据来实证分析不同因素对于我国通货膨胀动态衍化的影响。研究表明：前瞻性预期与通货膨胀惯性对于我国通货膨胀的影响同时存在,但是前瞻性预期对于我国通货膨胀的影响较大;其次,货币供应量变动对于我国通货膨胀率影响具有最重要的作用,而代表需求因素的产出缺口以及代表供给冲击的原油价格对于我国通货膨胀的影响很小;最后,人民币实际汇率升值对通货膨胀可以产生一定的抑制作用,但作用不大。     

我国菲利普斯曲线的非线性与体制转移特征分析

运用非线性模型研究我国菲利普斯曲线的非线性和体制转移动态特征。实证研究表明,我国产出与通胀关系在1990—2011年的样本期内不存在显著的凸或凹的非线性特征,而MSIAH(M)-ARX(1)模型估计结果表明,我国菲利普斯曲线具有显著的机制转移特征,在不同的经济周期阶段下,我国的通胀与产出缺口间具有不同的关系,其中在经济处于温和通胀状态下,我国菲利普斯曲线关系在统计上较显著,可作为管理央行货币政策的参考。     

非线性菲利普斯曲线及对货币政策的影响

本文通过在经济结构模型中引入凸性菲利普斯曲线,突破了传统货币政策分析模型中的L-Q框架。结果表明,与传统的L-Q货币政策分析框架相比,在经济结构模型中引入非线性菲利普斯曲线后,既使央行采用对称的平方损失函数形式,最优货币政策规则中,名义利率对通胀与其目标值的偏差和产出缺口的反应将不再是线性和对称的。同时,凸性菲利普斯曲线还能对著名的Kydland和Prescott（1977）以及Barro和Gordon（1983）的通胀偏差进行较好地解释。     

全球产出缺口与中国的通胀变动:基于扩展的菲利普斯曲线研究

本文在考察全球产出缺口与国内通胀变动关系的基础上,应用扩展的菲利普斯曲线模型,对影响我国通胀变动的国内外因素进行了经验研究,验证"全球产出缺口假说"在中国的适用性。计量结果表明,国内产出缺口、通货预期、原油价格和食品价格都是影响国内通胀变动的主要因素,贸易加权、进口加权、产出加权的全球产出缺口对国内通胀变动具有正向影响,但影响程度还没有国内产出缺口高。对待全球化背景下中国的通胀变动,不仅要分析国内宏观经济均衡与波动周期,更要关注国际市场的外部冲击。     

中国通货膨胀对全球产出缺口的敏感性研究 ——基于经济政策不确定视角

基于附加预期的菲利普斯曲线,研究了我国和全球经济政策不确定性在改变我国通货膨胀(以下简称"通胀")对国际因素敏感性方面的作用.研究发现:(1)相比于全球产出缺口,我国产出缺口对国内通胀的影响较大;动态分析显示,全球产出缺口对我国通胀的影响呈现下降趋势,而国内产出缺口的影响较为稳定;(2)我国或全球的经济政策不确定性不会显著改变我国通胀对全球产出缺口的敏感性,但二者协同程度的高低会负向影响我国通胀对全球产出缺口的敏感性.建议科学研判国际因素的外溢性和国内外经济形势的协同性,保持政策定力,注重引导市场预期,维持物价基本稳定,以支持经济高质量发展.     

基于新凯恩斯DSGE模型对中国产出缺口的估计

基于新凯恩斯DSGE模型对中国2001年第1季度至2009年第4季度的产出缺口估计结果显示,央行在调整利率时相对通货膨胀率变化更注重应对产出缺口的变化,中国菲利普斯曲线呈现较明显的前瞻性特征。与使用HP滤波方法估计结果相比,用新凯思斯DSGE模型估计的产出缺口更能解释中国历史宏观经济波动;中国实际产出主要受到需求和技术冲击的影响,潜在产出主要受到技术冲击的影响,而成本推动冲击和政策冲击影响非常小;稳健性检验结果显示,采用DSGE模型对中国产出缺口进行估计的结果是可靠的,是一种科学的分析方法。     

基于产出缺口的中国菲利普斯曲线再分析——分位数回归的角度

本文基于1993年到2012年的季度数据,通过分位数回归分析了基于产出缺口的中国菲利普斯曲线特征。结果表明:中国存在依赖于通胀率分位点的菲利普斯曲线,本期的通胀率越高,意味着来自前期的通胀影响越明显;产出缺口对通胀率影响的程度有不对称性,在通胀率的较低分位点显著,而在高分位点不明显;通胀率和产出缺口的关系不仅依赖于前者的分位点,还和后者的正负密切相关。     

通胀—增长权衡和中国菲利普斯曲线的平坦化

近年来发达经济体出现了菲利普斯曲线平坦化现象,但有关中国的研究尚缺乏共识。本文基于实证和理论分析,系统研究了中国菲利普斯曲线的平坦化问题。首先,结合货币政策冲击和月度SVAR框架,发现通胀的响应程度在2010年后大幅下降。由于证据显示总需求曲线并未平坦化,因此通胀响应弱化可解读为菲利普斯曲线的平坦化。数据显示,菲利普斯曲线平坦化与生产率增长放缓同时发生,因此,本文在标准DSGE模型中引入纵向内生增长渠道,该渠道基于研发投入和知识资本积累,从而使生产率内生于经济周期。研究发现:(1)内生增长渠道放大了需求冲击对产出的影响,但缩小了需求冲击对通胀的影响;(2)内生增长渠道改变通胀和增长之间的替代关系,但不改变边际成本向通胀的传导。分段估计显示,2010年后,通胀和增长的关系弱化是边际成本传导变弱和内生增长渠道变强共同作用的结果。本文认为,由于菲利普斯曲线的平坦化,中央银行应继续坚持稳增长和就业优先战略,关注但不必过于担心由此引发的通胀压力。     

通胀目标制和名义GDP 目标制的比较

本文引入包含通胀预期和滞后产出缺口的新古典凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线,应用包含通胀偏差和产出缺口的贴现平方和的损失函数,从稳定通胀、稳定产出和损失函数方差的角度比较通胀目标制和名义GDP目标制,分析认为二者有不同的适用情况,不能简单评定孰优孰劣。本文实证结果显示中国货币政策偏向名义GDP目标制。     

基于产出缺口的菲利普斯曲线对我国通胀预测的研究

基于菲利普斯曲线理论中产出缺口与通货膨胀率的关系,应用卡尔曼滤波方法估算我国的潜在产出与产出缺口,通过格兰杰因果关系验证产出缺口与通货膨胀的因果关系,并建立产出缺口的菲利普斯曲线模型进行通货膨胀预测。实证结果表明该模型能够较好地预测我国通货膨胀,从而能为制定相应的货币政策提供良好的参考。     

高货币化、通货膨胀预期与通货膨胀

通货膨胀成为信用货币经济中循环往复的问题,货币是症结关键。通过建立包含货币缺口和收入差距的凯恩斯Phillips曲线理论模型,利用中国1979-2010年的数据实证得出:货币化通过两种途径作用于通货膨胀,一是通过扩大货币缺口、直接推动当期物价上升,二是高货币化导致了较高的通货膨胀预期,这种预期又推动了通货膨胀的自我实现。因此,在经济平稳发展情况下,货币化是一个金融发展程度指标,但在严重依赖货币扩张推动经济增长的情况下,货币化却可能是货币超发的指标,与通货膨胀存在着密切关系。     

New measures of the output gap based on the forward-looking new Keynesian Phillips curve

Forward-looking versions of the New Keynesian Phillips curve imply that the output gap, the deviation of the actual output from its natural level due to nominal rigidities, drives the dynamics of inflation relative to expected inflation. We exploit this to set up a bivariate unobserved component model for extracting new estimates of the output gap in the US. The gap estimates are large and persistent even after allowing for correlated trend and cycle shock. We then augment our model to use the information in the unemployment rate. The estimates confirm the presence of a large and persistent cyclical component.     

Optimal monetary policy in an economy with inflation persistence

This paper studies optimal monetary policy in a model where inflation is persistent. Two types of price setters are assumed to exist. One acts rationally given Calvo-type constraints on price setting. The other type sets prices according to a rule-of-thumb. This results in a Phillips curve with both a forward-looking term and a backward-looking term. The Phillips curve nests a standard purely forward-looking Phillips curve as well as a standard purely backward-looking Phillips curve as special cases. A cost push supply shock is derived from microfoundations by adding a time varying income tax and by making the elasticity of substitution between goods stochastic. A central bank loss function for this model is derived from a second-order Taylor approximation of the household's welfare function. Optimal monetary policy for different relative values of the forward- and backward-looking terms is then analyzed for both the commitment case and the case of discretion.     

Lack of divine coincidence in New Keynesian models

The literature has long agreed that the divine coincidence holds in standard New Keynesian models: the monetary authority is able to simultaneously stabilize inflation and output gap in response to preference and technology shocks. I show that the divine coincidence holds only when inflation is stabilized at exactly zero. Even small deviations from zero generate policy trade-offs. I demonstrate this result using the model׳s non-linear equilibrium conditions to avoid biases from log-linearization. When the model is log-linearized, a non-zero steady state level of inflation gives rise to what I call the endogenous trend inflation cost-push shock in the New -Keynesian Phillips curve.     

Determination of inflation in an open economy Phillips curve framework: the case of developed and developing Asian countries

This paper investigates the determination of inflation in the framework of an open economy forward-looking as well as conventional backward-looking Phillips curve for eight Asian countries – Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, China Mainland and India. Using quarterly data from the 1990s to 2005 and applying the instrumental variables estimation technique, we find that the output gap is significant in explaining the inflation rate in almost all the countries. Furthermore, at least one measure of international competitiveness has a statistically significant influence on inflation in all the countries. The differences in the developed and developing world are highlighted by the significance of agriculture related supply shocks in determining inflation in the case of developing countries. For all countries, the forward-looking Phillips curve provides a better fit compared to the backward-looking variant.     

Monetary Pressures and Inflation Dynamics in Turkey: Evidence from P-Star Model

This paper uses the P-star model to explain inflation dynamics in Turkey. In P-star models, money determines the price gap, which is postulated to measure the pressure on prices in an economy. This pressure emerges when output is above the potential, the interest rate is lower than the natural rate, or there is pure excess money in the economy. The estimation results with the Turkish data show that the price gap contains considerable information for explaining inflation dynamics. Moreover, the model selection criterion that compares the empirical performance of the P-star model with the new classical Phillips curve relation favors the P-star model over the Phillips curve relationship. We conclude that money is efficacious in predicting risk in price stability in Turkey.     

The Real‐Time Properties of the Bank of Canada's Staff Output Gap Estimates

We study the revision properties of the Bank of Canada's staff output gap estimates since the mid‐1980s and show that the average revision has been significantly smaller since the early 2000s. Alternatively, revisions from econometric output gap estimates have not experienced a similar improvement. We show that the overestimation of potential output in real time following the 1991–92 recession explains the large revisions in the first half of the sample. Although Phillips‐curve inflation forecasts slightly worsen when conditioned on real time instead of final gaps, their relative poor performance reflects the general lack of inflation predictability rather than real‐time gap measurement issues.     

Optimal Monetary Policy in a Model with Agency Costs

This paper integrates a fully explicit model of agency costs into an otherwise standard Dynamic New Keynesian model in a particularly transparent way. A principal result is the characterization of agency costs as endogenous markup shocks in an output‐gap version of the Phillips curve. The model's utility‐based welfare criterion is derived explicitly and includes a measure of credit market tightness that we interpret as a risk premium. The paper also fully characterizes optimal monetary policy and provides conditions under which zero inflation is the optimal policy. Finally, optimal policy can be expressed as an inflation targeting criterion that (depending upon parameter values) can be either forward or backward looking.