关系型借贷与中小企业融资的实证分析

本文通过一个计量经济学模型来检验企业贷款是否存在关系型借贷,结果发现:大型企业的确存在关系型借贷行为,且对企业的贷款量有显著性影响;中小企业关系型借贷对于贷款量的影响较小,且并不明显。原因可能是商业银行在审批中小企业贷款时,注重对“硬”信息的考察,同时中小企业并没有同某一家或几家商业银行保持长期关系。为改善中小企业融资状况,商业银行应建立起一套完整的信用记录体系,并实现信息共享,在贷款过程中增强对“软”信息的考察,积极培育一批资质较好的中小企业客户并建立密切的联系;中小企业则应该规范财务制度并增强财务信息的透明度,同银行建立长期关系。     

关系型借贷与中小企业融资的实证分析

本文通过一个计量经济学模型来检验企业贷款是否存在关系型借贷，结果发现：大型企业的确存在关系型借贷行为，且对企业的贷款量有显著性影响；中小企业关系型借贷对于贷款量的影响较小，且并不明显。原因可能是商业银行在审批中小企业贷款时，注重对“硬”信息的考察，同时中小企业并没有同某一家或几家商业银行保持长期关系。为改善中小企业融资状况，商业银行应建立起一套完整的信用记录体系，并实现信息共享，在贷款过程中增强对“软”信息的考察，积极培育一批资质较好的中小企业客户并建立密切的联系；中小企业则应该规范财务制度并增强财务信息的透明度，同银行建立长期关系。     

体制转轨过程中西部地区中小企业融资的金融约束

国有四大商业银行的体制没有彻底的转变、贷款的人情性和政策性、缺乏激励机制和市场营销方式、中小企业信息不对称和信用失灵、银行对中小企业贷款收益不对称、中小企业缺乏担保能力产生了约束;地方性小银行由于仍受地方政府控制和规模小产生了对中小企业贷款的约束;缺乏完善的支持中小企业所产生的约束.完善对中小企业支持的金融体系的措施:建立国有商业银行的中小企业信贷部,改变国有商业银行对中小企业支持不力的局面;加快国有商业银行信贷管理体制的改革,正确对待贷款审批权上收下放的同题,完善银行信贷投放的激励机制;改善银行服务;培育和发展现有的中小金融机构,缓解中小企业的融资压力;促进资本市场的多层次发展,大力培育区域性交易市场和小证券市场的发展.     

关系型贷款与中小企业融资

本文认为中小企业融资难的根本原因在于其信息的不可得性和不可控性。文章简要介绍了国外银行开发的多种形式的贷款技术,着重分析了“关系型贷款”(相对于其他形式贷款而言)能更好服务于中小企业融资的原因。最后,文章指出了“关系型贷款”在实际运用过程中存在的问题,并就“关系型贷款”在我国中小企业融资中的推行提出了相关政策建议。     

信用评分技术在中小企业贷款中的应用

由于中小企业存在着规模小、财务管理欠规范、资金需求频繁、贷款数额少的现状，因此，银行对中小企业放贷是一件费时费力的事。而当20世纪90年代信用评分技术被许多发达国家的银行应用于中小企业贷款后，这一状况得到了明显改观。中小企业信用评分技术使得银行能够根据大量数据统计验证的客观标准，通过计算机快速地对不同的中小企业的信用风险进行评估，结果使得银行的放贷成本大为减少．更好地控制了信贷风险，放贷速度也大大加快。世界银行自2004年11月起在全球开展了中小企业信用评分调查．目的在于证实银行应用信用评分模型评估中小企业贷款的重要性。本文拟分析信用评分技术在中小企业贷款领域的应用及影响，并为解决我国中小企业贷款难问题以及银行支持中小企业发展提出相应建议。     

银行贷款技术创新对中小企业融资的影响——对中小企业保理融资的实证研究

从获取中小企业贷款决策信息的角度,相对于大银行而言,小银行具有在关系型贷款和市场交易型贷款上的动态比较优势。保理等新型交易型贷款技术在缓解国内中小企业融资难方面具有不可替代的重要作用,因此应加以开发与推介。商业银行应加强市场交易型贷款技术的引进与创新,并通过开发适合中小企业的金融产品来解决信息不对称和风险控制问题。     

中小企业融资银行规模选择的理论分析

银行规模的选择对中小企业信贷的影响是当前理论界讨论的焦点,中小企业的健康发展对利用好我国要素禀赋优势和对当前结构转型具有重要的战略地位。本文从信息经济学理论出发阐述了融资过程中的信息不对称问题,阐述银行利用其信息优势在面对中小企业特殊个体进行贷款时必须进行软信息的收集和关系型贷款,通过对比大银行和小银行的特点和优势后,得出要解决或缓解目前我国中小企业的融资难的问题需要完善中小金融机构体系。从逻辑和理论上演绎为什么中小银行更有利于对中小企业进行贷款服务。     

对征信管理模式的探讨

中小企业信用信息不真实、不规范、不完整是造成贷款难的重要原因。金融机构对中小企业不信任、不了解、对信用信息不满意、不达标造成银行难贷款,而通过中小企业信用信息档案征集,正是解决中小企业信息规范问题的有效途径。对此,唐山中支以开展"指导金融延伸服务,健全中小企业信用体系"金融创新活动为切入点,以解决中小企业贷款难为目的,通过信贷征信工作,逐步形成一个"以征促用,以用促征"的"征信+信贷"新方法。     

大银行信贷与中小企业融资匹配吗?——基于企业生命周期和信息传递视角的研究

传统意义上,人们认为大银行信贷不适合中小企业融资。我们的研究认为大银行是否适合中小企业,要考虑两个关键问题,首先是企业本身处于哪个阶段,由于风险和收益的影响,大银行不适合向初创期和衰退期的企业放贷,而处于成长期或成熟期且具有发展潜力的企业应该成为银行的主要服务对象。另外,银企之间的信息不对称,阻碍大银行向中小企业贷款,在中小企业信用系统不健全、银行欠缺高效的贷款技术之前,大银行不适合直接面向中小企业贷款,而应该借助信息中介,例如民间金融、中小银行、电子商务平台等,才能提高银行的贷款效率,缓解中小企业融资贵的问题。     

客户信用评分方式在中小企业贷款中的应用分析

一、客户信用评分方式引入中小企业贷款管理的背景 中小企业信用的不确定性和贷款管理成本过高是制约中小企业信贷融资的两个重要因素.银行管理中小企业信用风险的困难不是中小企业贷款风险太大,而是缺乏适当的经济的方法对其信用进行评估.     

The Impact of Durable Relationship with Banks when Crisis Hits

Firms develop relationships with their banks in order to ensure access to financing when credit conditions deteriorate in time of crisis. I investigate the effect of bank-firm relationships in Turkey where 90 percent of a firm’s financial debt is obtained through bank loans. I find that adjusted for loan terms and firm-fixed effects, borrowers with past relationships with incumbent banks have lower risk-adjusted financing costs. Furthermore, lower financing costs associated with relationship are even more pronounced during the 2008–2009 financial crisis.     

The impact of monetary policy on the financing behaviour of firms in the Euro area and the UK

Abstract

According to the ‘broad credit view’ bank-dependent firms are more strongly affected by monetary contractions than firms with access to non-bank forms of external finance. Within the credit view the bank lending channel focuses on the special role of bank loans, and predicts that monetary contractions reduce loan supply to firms facing information problems. However, the ‘relationship lending channel’ argues that, especially in bank-based economies, bank-dependent firms have close ties with banks, which may reduce the sensitivity of their use of bank debt to monetary shocks. The sensitivity of corporate debt structures to changes in the monetary policy stance is analysed using a sample of 22,000 firms in the Euro area and the UK. Evidence is found for the credit view, the relationship lending channel, but not for the bank lending channel.     

Earnings and capital management and signaling: the use of loan-loss provisions by European banks

This paper investigates the relationship between loan-loss provisions (LLPs) and earnings management in the context of the capital adequacy of Euro Area (EA) banks versus non-EA credit institutions. This paper also examines whether LLPs signal managements’ expectations concerning future bank profits to investors. Additionally, this paper traces the role of bank regulations and creditor protection systems in explaining income smoothing. Evidence drawn from the 1996 to 2006 period indicates that LLPs do reflect changes in the expected quality of a bank's loan portfolio for both groups of banks, and that earnings management is an important determinant of LLPs for EA intermediaries, whereas non-EA credit institutions use LLPs to signal private information to outsiders. The paper also finds that higher protection of creditors’ rights significantly reduces the incentives to smooth earnings for EA banks. During the recent financial crisis, EA bank managers are much more concerned with their credit portfolio quality and do not use LLPs for discretionary purposes, whereas LLPs at non-EA banks are used to smooth income more than for the purposes of managing capital ratios or conveying private information about future performance to the market.     

Loan managers’ trust and credit access for SMEs

Research on relationship lending pays only marginal attention to the role of loan managers’ trust in the managers of SMEs. Trust literature suggests that trust reduces agency costs. Thus, trust is expected to be positively related to the amount of short-term credit granted and negatively related to SMEs’ risk of being credit constrained. Results from six banks characterised by a German culture and three banks characterised by an Italian culture suggest that this is indeed the case: SMEs that enjoy a high level of trust from loan managers obtain more credit and are less credit constrained.     

关系型银行与中小企业贷款的可获得性——对中小企业问卷调查的实证分析

本文利用中国中小企业贷款调查问卷数据,研究了关系型银行对中小企业贷款可获得性的影响.研究结论表明:企业在银行办理的业务种类越多,贷款的可获得性越大;当中小企业业主或主要管理人员是银行的VIP客户时,贷款的可获得性显著增加;银企关系持续时间和银企距离对贷款可获得性没有显著影响.此外,从总体上看,大银行贷款的可获得性低于小...     

Bank–SMEs relationships and banks’ risk-adjusted profitability

This research investigates how SME performance, the typology of loans and the length and scope of relationships between small banks and SMEs affect the margin adjusted for the risk that each customer generates. After analysing 4285 firm-year observations from Finnish banks, the quality of a SME’s performance is found to be the major factor in explaining the risk-adjusted profitability of banks. However, the length and scope of a relationship and the loan dimensions also play an important role.     

Government guarantees of loans to small businesses: Effects on banks’ risk-taking and non-guaranteed lending

We analyzed the loan guarantees that the Japanese government provided for banks’ loans to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We modeled and estimated how much and under what conditions loan guarantees affected banks’ risk-taking and banks’ non-guaranteed lending.In the presence of controls for bank capital and other factors that might affect supplies of bank credit, our estimates supported our model's implications that loan guarantees increased banks’ risk-taking.Consistent with our model, our estimates imply that, when banks initially had fewer guaranteed loans and then got more guaranteed loans, guaranteed loans were complements to, rather than substitutes for, non-guaranteed loans. As complements, loan guarantees could be “high-powered” in that they generated increases not only in guaranteed loans, but also increases in non-guaranteed loans that were a multiple of the increases in guaranteed loans. In addition, banks’ having more capital was associated with doing more non-guaranteed lending.     

基于担保机制的网络联保融资模式创新

中小企业因经营规模小、管理不完善、信息披露机制不健全等原因使银企之间出现信息不对称,导致商业银行在贷款时出于风险的考虑不愿意向中小企业放款。网络联保贷款为解决中小企业融资难和降低银行贷款风险提供了一条新路径。但在内外部约束不够强烈的条件下,网络联保运行机制会出现失效,企业倾向于选择策略性违约而给银行带来损失。为进一步降低风险,将担保制度引入到网络联保融资模式中,可以有效降低企业策略性违约的概率。     

Do banks care about analysts' forecasts when designing loan contracts?

We investigate whether banks rely on the information content in equity analysts’ annual earnings forecasts when assessing the risk of potential borrowers. While a long literature finds that analysts provide useful information to market participants, it is not clear that banks, which have access to privileged information, would benefit from publicly available analysts’ forecasts. If, however, banks do rely on this information, then more precise private information in earnings forecasts may inform banks. We focus our analysis on the requirement of collateral because it is a direct measure of default risk, whereas other loan terms such as interest spread and debt covenants can also protect against other risks, such as asset misappropriation. The direct link between collateral and default risk allows us to examine whether information from analysts is relevant to banks when designing loan contracts. Consistent with our predictions, we find that higher precision of the private information in analysts’ earnings forecasts is associated with a lower likelihood of requiring collateral, and this effect is larger when a borrower does not have a prior relationship with the lender or their accounting or credit quality is low. We also find that this association disappears after the implementation of Regulation FD, consistent with this regulation reducing analysts’ access to private information.     

利率市场化、银行竞争与中小企业信贷可获性

金融机构贷款利率全面放开后,大型企业与银行的议价能力提高,而中小企业信贷可获性问题则需要多角度分析。利率市场化从两方面影响中小企业融资问题,一是利率浮动带来的直接影响;二是通过加剧商业银行竞争程度带来的间接影响。文章构建了银企博弈和商业银行竞争两个模型对中小企业信贷可获性进行理论分析,结果表明,无论放开贷款利率上限管制还是下限管制,随着商业银行竞争的加剧,长期来看中小企业信贷可获性都得到了提高。