盈余管理、IPO审核与资源配置效率

本文以2006~2012年申请上市公司为样本,基于盈余管理视角对发审委审核决策进行了考察。研究发现,拟上市公司IPO审核通过率与上市前盈余管理显著负相关,但这一关系仅在公司盈余管理程度较高时成立。进一步的分析显示,当拟上市公司为国有企业或其所在行业获得产业政策支持时,其IPO申请更不会因盈余管理而被否;同时,对于拥有政治关联背景或经营业务复杂的拟上市公司,IPO审核通过率与公司盈余管理的负相关关系变弱。最后,实施程度较高盈余管理并通过发行审核的公司,上市后的股票收益和经营业绩更差,由此表明,拟上市公司的盈余管理降低了资本市场资源配置的效率。     

创投持股对IPO盈余管理的影响研究

本文首先运用修正的Jones模型计算了2009—2013年在我国创业板上市的具有创投持股背景的178家IPO样本公司的上市前一年的盈余管理水平,表明在IPO上市前普遍存在着盈余管理行为．然后用回归模型实证研究了这些IPo样本企业的盈余管理程度与创投持股之间的关系。结果发现．创投持股能够在一定程度上抑制IPO的盈余管理。     

上市公司IPO与分类转移盈余管理——来自我国A股市场的经验证据

上市公司在IPO过程中往往针对净利润实施盈余管理,分类转移是在不改变净利润的情况下通过核心费用的分类转移、虚增核心盈余的一种盈余管理方式。上市公司在IPO过程中会实施分类转移盈余管理吗?本文以2007-2016年我国A股市场的IPO公司为样本,发现:(1)上市公司在IPO前三年存在显著的分类转移,即通过把核心费用分类转移至营业外支出以虚增核心盈余;在IPO后三年,不存在这一行为;(2)在IPO前三年,上市公司主要通过将营业成本而非期间费用转移至营业外支出的方式虚增核心盈余,制造业企业更为明显。进一步研究发现,上市公司IPO过程中的分类转移行为应是权衡多种动机的结果,四大审计能够在一定程度上抑制这一行为。     

A股发行公司IPO前盈余管理与IPO后经营业绩的实证研究

以2001～2005年期间在我国上交所和深交所A股市场上市的247家IPO公司为研究样本,研究IPO前盈余管理与IPO后经营业绩变化之间的关系。实证研究结果表明:IPO前的盈余管理对IPO后的经营业绩具有一定的预测性,IPO前的正向盈余管理程度越大,其IPO后的经营业绩下降幅度就越大,即IPO前正向盈余管理将会导致IPO后经营业绩下滑。     

民营企业发审委社会关系、IPO资格与上市后表现

中国IPO监管的"核准制"使得证监会发行与审核委员会拥有企业上市的决定权,在发审委委员名单公开的"准自然实验"契机下,本文立足于民营企业与发审委委员的社会关系来研究中介机构发审委社会关系与上市资格、IPO抑价程度以及上市后表现的关系。实证结果发现:中介机构发审委社会关系显著提高了民营企业的上市成功率,但主要由会计师事务所关系的作用带来,对于公司聘任过去在发审委任职而产生的社会关系检验则发现这种社会关系具有时效性;进一步研究发现,拥有会计师事务所发审委社会关系的民营企业在IPO短期抑价幅度及发行当年的业绩与成长性都要高于没有关系的企业,但是在未来两年拥有会计师事务所发审委社会关系的公司的业绩和成长性反而更低,说明具有发审委背景的中介机构对企业进行了暂时的"包装"帮助企业上市且成功欺骗了投资者,发审委社会关系是寻租行为的体现而非信号显示。结论无论是对于中国制度背景下独特的"关系"研究还是对于当下IPO由核准制过渡到注册制的改革实践都具有重要的启示。     

风险投资、联合差异和创业板IPO公司会计信息质量

基于新兴市场的制度背景,本文以2009—2011在创业板上市的IPO公司为样本,综合动态分析了风险投资和风险投资联合差异对IPO前和锁定期结束当年的盈余管理的影响。研究发现,风险投资的参与影响了IPO公司的盈余管理,具体表现在风险投资的参与降低IPO前的盈余管理,以实现在锁定期结束当年的盈余反转,从而获得更高的股份减持收益。实证结果支持风险投资IPO行为的道德风险假设。在此基础上,研究还发现,在我国当期环境下,风险投资联合的差异增加了IPO前的盈余程度,却同时降低了锁定期结束当年的盈余管理程度,这说明风险投资联合并没有恶化风险投资的盈余管理,相反起到了抑制的作用。     

金融市场

新股首发审核开闸据悉、中国证监会发审委于4月26日召开第7次工作会议,审核重庆钢铁股份有限公司和内蒙古蒙西高新材料股份有限公司的首发申请。这是本届发审委首次审核IPO申请,标志着继2004年8月新股发行暂停后,拟上市公司IPO申请的审核重新开闸。     

风险投资对中小企业IPO盈余管理影响研究

风险投资参与中小企业板上市公司首发的比重逐年上升,数据显示上市公司风险投资机构的参与度由2011年的68.14%上升到2015年的80.95%.基于此,本文以2011-2015年在中小企业板上市的235家公司为样本,探究了风险投资对中小企业板IPO盈余管理的影响.结果表明,中小企业板上市公司IPO过程中普遍存在盈余管理行为,但影响程度较弱.风险投资机构和联合风险投资的参与在一定程度上对企业盈余管理行为有抑制作用,声誉较高的审计机构和主承销商的参与也会对抑制企业盈余管理行为产生一定的积极影响.     

放弃上市

美国的中小企业目前形成一股放弃上市的潮流。这种现象，不仅美国有，中国也出现了。最近，国内也有5家已经过会的公司撤回了融资申请。在这几家企业中，有4家公司的融资申请已经通过发审委的审核，最早一家在去年上半年就过会。另一家企业本来即将上会，但前不久主动将申请材料撤回，决定不再进行IPO(首次发行上市)。     

基于深市上市公司IPO盈余管理实证研究

在分析IPO盈余管理动机的基础上,研究了IPO公司进行盈余管理的手段及其影响。以2008年在深圳证券交易所上市的71家公司为对象,通过研究其2006-2010五年的经济数据,运用改进后的Jones模型,得出两个结论：上市公司的业绩在IPO前后存在明显的差异,并且上市前两年的业绩高于IPO当年及IPO后两年;上市公司通过调整应计利润进行盈余的操纵。最后针对分析结果提出相应对策,以期对加强证券市场监管,完善公司治理结构,帮助投资者进行投资决策做出贡献。     

Earnings management in the pre-IPO process: Biases and predictors

We analyze a sample of 3,293 IPOs from 29 countries to investigate the firm, industry, and country characteristics related to earnings management during the IPO process. We find that IPO firms tend to have significantly positive discretionary accruals (DCA) both prior to and after the IPO, suggesting that IPO firms tend to engage in pre-IPO earnings management. However, we also find that using a proxy for earnings management in the IPO year may lead to biased conclusions concerning pre-IPO earnings management. Firms that are more likely to need access to capital markets in the future (firms with high leverage, and firms backed by a venture capitalist) are less likely to engage in pre-IPO earnings management. Firms operating in countries with a superior rule of law are also less likely to engage in earnings management. Lastly, we find that firms may engage in pre-IPO earnings management in part to avoid returning to the capital markets to raise more funds (capital market staging). This result is robust to possible endogeneity bias stemming from management self-selection.     

The association between management earnings forecasts, earnings management, and stock market valuation: Evidence from French IPOs

This study investigates managers' motivations to engage in earnings management through purposeful interventions in the setting of discretionary accruals, in the context of initial public offerings (IPOs) in France. Firms issuing forecasts in their prospectuses are expected to differ from nonforecasters in the level of earnings management during the year following the public offering. Within the context of contracting theory, four research questions are addressed. First, are IPO firms issuing forecasts more inclined to manage earnings 1 year after an IPO compared to nonforecasting firms? Second, is a forecasting firm's level of earnings management conditioned by earnings-forecast deviation? Third, is earnings management by IPO forecasting firms affected by contractual and governance environments? Fourth, how do investors see through earnings management following IPO earnings forecasts, i.e., how do stock market participants value earnings components (i.e., nondiscretionary and discretionary accruals)? Our findings document that in the year following an IPO, the magnitude of earnings management is much higher for forecasters than for nonforecasters. Results also show that a firm's accrual behavior is affected by earnings-forecast deviation, but the relationship is moderated by contractual and governance constraints. Finally, it would appear that French investors do not adequately readjust the relationship between reported earnings and a firm's market value for the year in which earnings are subject to manipulations.     

The impact of audit quality on real and accrual earnings management around IPOs

We examine the relation between audit quality and the earnings management activities of IPO firms. The impact of high quality auditors on real earnings management has been researched in a number of settings e.g. SEOs. However, to date, there has been no work on the effect of high quality auditors on real activities-based manipulation around IPOs. We examine UK IPOs between 1998 and 2008 and find evidence that high quality auditors constrain the use of real activities manipulation that occurs via the management of discretionary expenses. We also find evidence, consistent with prior research, that high quality auditors constrain the manipulation of discretionary accruals. Crucially, we find IPO firms audited by high quality auditors undertake sales-based manipulation in order to manage earnings upward at the end of the IPO year. The presence of high quality auditors is not, therefore, sufficient to constrain all forms of earnings management.     

Earnings Management and the Long-Run Market Performance of Initial Public Offerings

Issuers of initial public offerings (IPOs) can report earnings in excess of cash flows by taking positive accruals. This paper provides evidence that issuers with unusually high accruals in the IPO year experience poor stock return performance in the three years thereafter. IPO issuers in the most "aggressive" quartile of earnings managers have a three-year aftermarket stock return of approximately 20 percent less than IPO issuers in the most "conservative" quartile. They also issue about 20 percent fewer seasoned equity offerings. These differences are statistically and economically significant in a variety of specifications.     

板块差异、上市效应与盈余质量研究——来自创业板和中小板的证据

本文以中小板与创业板近两年首发上市的公司为样本,研究公司首发上市与盈余质量之间的关系。研究发现,公司上市前一年盈余操纵的程度显著下降,但创业板公司盈余操纵程度大于中小板公司。虽然盈余操纵行为推高了发行价,但投资者的认购热情未受到影响,首日投资回报取决于投资者情绪,与盈利能力及成长性无关。首发上市时的盈余操纵程度随着第一大股东持股比例的增加而降低,但董事长兼总经理的现象导致盈余质量下降,而机构投资者和会计师事务所也未能显著提高盈余质量。创业板公司盈余质量整体上低于中小板公司,但规模大、成立时间长的公司盈余质量相对较高。     

Do Insiders Manipulate Earnings When They Sell Their Shares in an Initial Public Offering?

In this article we examine whether insider share selling in an initial public offering (IPO) influences R&D expenditures. Insiders (managers and venture capitalists) who sell their pre‐offering shareholdings might try to increase the IPO offer price (1) by overinvesting in R&D to signal the firm's prospects (the signaling hypothesis) or (2) by underinvesting in R&D to increase current reported earnings (the earnings fixation hypothesis). We find that, for a sample of 243 IPOs from 1986 to 1990, change in R&D spending in the year of the IPO is negatively related to managerial selling. Because reductions in R&D spending increase current earnings at the expense of future earnings, our evidence suggests that managers believe that investors place more emphasis on current earnings and less emphasis on R&D and therefore spend less on R&D. We also document a positive association between discretionary current accruals in the offering year and managerial selling, suggesting that selling managers manipulate accruals as well.     

Earnings management and initial public offerings: Evidence from the Netherlands

This paper presents one of the first studies of earnings management by initial public offering (IPO) firms in a European country. Using a sample of 64 Dutch IPOs, we investigate the pattern of discretionary current accruals (DCA) over time. We find that managers manage their company's earnings in the first year as a public company but not in the years before the IPO. We also examine the impact of earnings management on the long-run stock price performance of IPOs. We find a negative relation between the size of the DCA in the first year as a public company and long-run stock price performance over the next 3 years. A number of additional tests support these findings.     

The dynamics of earnings management in IPOs and the role of venture capital

We investigate the dynamics of earnings management (EM) in IPOs and the role of venture capitalist (VC) in hampering such practice. We study the behavior of EM in four phases: Pre-IPO, IPO, Lock-up and Post-lock-up. We find that VC-sponsored firms tend to do more EM in the Pre-IPO period, and less in two subsequent periods. These results are distinct for those of Wongsunwai (2013), for which, VC-sponsored firms do less EM only in the IPO period. We also find that VC and non-VC-sponsored firms do EM around the IPO in distinct fashions. Non-VC-sponsored firms inflate earnings during the IPO period and deflate in the Lock-up and Post-lock-up periods. VC-sponsored firms inflate earnings in the Pre-IPO period and deflate earnings only in the Lock-up period. Our results are robust with respect to how one measures EM and the statistical methods used.     

Earnings management in Malaysian IPOs: The East Asian crisis, ownership control, and post-IPO performance

We find evidence of income-increasing earnings management in Malaysian IPOs, which occurs primarily for IPOs during a period of severe economic stress (the East Asian crisis). Within the high-ownership-concentration Malaysian market, post-IPO control concerns also appear to constrain IPO earnings management: owners seem willing to accept reduced IPO proceeds and signaling opportunities to increase the likelihood of retaining control of the company post-IPO. The requirement to provide a profit guarantee does not seem to greatly affect earnings management. IPO companies engaging in aggressive income-increasing earnings management have significantly worse market-based performance than their more conservative counterparts, but again only for IPOs issued during the economic crisis period. Overall, the results suggest that personal liquidity concerns are an important factor in IPO decisions during the economic crisis.     

The Post-Issue Performance of Initial Public Offering Firms in the People’s Republic of China

This study seeks to identify issues related to the process of corporatization of the State-owned enterprises (SEO) and to examine the post-issue performance of initial public offering (IPO) firms in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). We have discussed in this paper various incentives and potential opportunities for earnings management during the process of corporatization. These include compliance with listing requirements for profitability, right-issue offerings, issue price and the carving out of assets in financial packaging. Based on a sample of 582 A-share IPO firms, we reject the hypothesis that the performance of IPO firms does not decline subsequent to the IPO year. To see if our results depend on the choice of performance measure, we have conducted the tests using different performance measures. Overall, our findings indicate that performance of the IPO firms in the PRC is not sustainable even after controlling for macroeconomic conditions and that there is evidence leading to possible earnings management.