非活跃市场环境下公允价值计量的国际经验与研究启示

目前会计准则对非活跃市场环境下公允价值计量仅作出原则性规定,没有提供可操作性的指导。依据FAS157 和 IFRS13 公允价值计量相关原则和理念,本文试图将内部风险计量和评价技术与公允价值计量协调起来,建立公允价值计量整体框架,并构建公允价值计量可靠性保障机制,以期为非活跃市场环境下公允价值计量提供具体指导。     

基于公允价值计量的衍生金融工具的会计风险探析——以中国建设银行股份有限公司为例

本文首先介绍在新会计准则中,衍生金融工具的公允价值计量的方法和原则。在此基础上,以中国建设银行股份有限公司为例,重点分析基于公允价值计量的衍生金融工具在会计确认、会计计量和会计信息披露中可能产生的风险。最后,提出了防范衍生金融工具使用公允价值计量的会计风险的方法。     

论公允价值的计量

在公允价值会计问题中,公允价值的计量是争议最大且最具难度的。公允价值计量方法由公允价值估价方法、估价方法参照信息以及公允价值层级三部分组成。在计量顺序上,公允价值要区分三个层次按照顺序加以确定。如果资产或负债存在活跃市场,应当以市场报价为基础确定其公允价值,否则就采用市场法、收益法或成本法等方法对公允价值进行估价。     

金融工具公允价值信息的价值相关性

本文以会计信息决策有用性的计量观为基础,通过实证方法对比分析了新企业会计准则实施前后,公允价值是否改进会计信息对公司股票市场价格的影响,以及金融工具的公允价值信息与历史成本对公司股票市场价格的影响;新准则实施后公允价值变动损益对公司的股票市场价值的影响。研究结果表明:在引入公允价值计量属性后,盈余信息和净资产账面价值对模型的整体解释能力有所提高;公允价值计量的金融工具具有显著的增量价值相关性和相对价值相关性,投资者在投资决策时已经开始考虑公允价值因素,金融工具公允价值信息具有价值相关性。     

金融危机下吉林省应用公允价值计量模式的思考

金融危机下公允价值计量模式对企业会计信息的披露产生了极大的影响,吉林省可以从培育与完善各种公开市场、健全公允价值计量准则及其框架体系、规范评估技术、谨慎运用公允价值准则、强调如实表述、强化会计人员素质、加强各种活跃市场的监管、规范衍生金融工具的公允价值计量及其风险披露、加强投资者风险和素质教育、不断采用新技术完善公允价值应用环境等方面完善公允价值计量模式的应用,促进吉林省经济的发展。     

金融危机下吉林省应用公允价值计量模式的思考

金融危机下公允价值计量模式对企业会计信息的披露产生了极大的影响,吉林省可以从培育与完善各种公开市场、健全公允价值计量准则及其框架体系、规范评估技术、谨慎运用公允价值准则、强调如实表述、强化会计人员素质、加强各种活跃市场的监管、规范衍生金融工具的公允价值计量及其风险技露、加强投资者风险和素质教育、不断采用新技术完善公允价值应用环境等方面完善公允价值计量模式的应用,促进吉林省经济的发展.     

基于公允价值的衍生金融工具会计计量研究

<正>一、引言近年来,随着我国金融市场不断发展,满足交易主体规避市场风险、降低筹资成本的衍生金融工具交易量日益扩大。衍生金融工具准确的会计计量成为当今会计界研究的重要课题。由于衍生金融工具的特殊性,传统的以历史成本为计量属性的会计计量缺陷逐渐显露,已难以适应其会计计量,以公允价值为计量属性的衍生金融工具计量开始引起人们的广泛关注。一直以来我国对公允价值计量采取谨慎态度,随着我国会计准则的改革,公允价值计量属性开始应用于我国的会计计量中,特别是在衍生金融工具会计计量中。然而,美国次贷危机的爆发对公允价值在衍生金融工具的计量适用性提出质疑,金融界认为公允价值计量加剧了金融危机,主张废除公允价值,以避免全球性的金融危机。公允价     

寿险公司利用风险边际进行利润操纵的可能性研究

自2006年我国会计准则开始采用公允价值计量模式起,关于保险合同准备金使用公允价值计量也被提上日程。虽然中国保监会对于保险公司可以使用的风险边际计算方法有所限定,即分位数法、资本成本法和情景分析法,但具体规范较为模糊,留给保险公司利润操纵的空间。本文通过定性角度分别阐释和分析了各种计算方法下,保险公司通过调整一些参数设置得出不同的风险边际值,从而影响最终利润;另外还通过定量角度,分析了在分位数法下,采用对数正态分布和威布尔分布拟合赔付率,得到风险边际的差异;最后对我国风险边际计量要求存在的缺陷和不足提出相关建议。     

公允价值计量模式下审计风险的探讨

自公允价值的概念引入我国以来,随着国内会计理论与实务的发展,公允价值计量模式受到越来越广泛的关注与应用。公允价值计量对审计理论与审计实务工作的开展也产生了巨大影响。本文首先对公允价值的相关概念及公允价值计量模式下审计的特征进行阐释,然后以公允价值计量的视角分析审计风险的成因,并结合实际情况,针对审计风险的防范给出自己的对策与建议。     

浅议公允价值计量及其对企业核算的影响

我国对于公允价值的运用已有多年的历史,对于我国经济市场来说,公允价值运用的历史意义巨大。公允价值在实际工作中的运用优势也是有目共睹的,但是,事物的多面性告诉我们公允价值计量有利也有弊。支持者认为公允价值计量使财务报表更加逼近经济现实,极大地提高了会计信息的相关性,符合当前经济条件下,人们对于会计信息的需求;反对者认为公允价值计量为利润操纵提供了巨大的空间,降低了财务信息的可靠性。关注公允价值的应用与发展对于我国会计计量理论的完善和会计改革的推进都有十分积极的意义。本文以公允价值的运用为核心,结合公允价值的引入背景,运用方面以及在实践中遇到的困难,讨论公允价值计量在实践的优点与缺陷以及相关解决方法,还有未来运用前景。     

公允价值会计对保险公司财务报告的影响

主要探讨公允价值会计对财务报告体系和结构的影响。公允价值会计对财务报告的各要素都产生重大影响,从而影响保险公司财务报告本身。其中关键的因素是保险负债的评估,虽然保险责任准备金没有直接的市场价格,但是,只要构成保险责任准备金的各种要素反映了市场价格,就可以认为保险责任准备金具备了公允价值。在假设层面上,行业假设是假设市场...     

Market Value Margin für die Fair Value-Bilanzierung versicherungstechnischer Verpflichtungen : Ableitung auf Basis des CAPM

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) started a project on Insurance Accounting to apply the principles of fair value to insurance businesses. The so called ?asset and liability approach“ would focus on the balance sheet, with both assets and liabilities being reported at fair values, while income and expenses are defined in terms of changes in the values of those assets and liabilities. Indeed, there are no deep and liquid markets for insurance liabilities. Thus, the fair value has to be calculated as a theoretical value, using assumptions concerning future events, risk provisions and discount rates. Both in theory and in practice a generally accepted modelling of fair value is missing. Particularly with regard to the deviation of a Market Value Margin (MVM), which reflects the premium that a marketplace participant would demand for bearing the uncertainty inherent in the cash flows, there is a need for adequate modelling. Transforming the CAPM for determining risk loads in insurance will mean measuring the correlation between insurance companies’ returns from underwriting and market returns on its shareholders’ equity. The criticism on an underwriting beta focuses on (a) the basic assumptions of the CAPM, (b) the absence of active markets for insurance liabilities and (c) the unreliability of estimating underwriting betas.     

Guarantees in With-Profit and Unitized With-Profit Life Insurance Contracts: Fair Valuation Problem in Presence of the Default Option

The purpose of the article is to apply contingent claim theory to the valuation of the type of participating life insurance policies commonly sold in the UK. The article extends the techniques developed by Haberman, Ballotta, and Wang (2003) to allow for the default option. The default option is a feature of the design of these policies, which recognizes that the insurance company's liability is limited by the market value of the reference portfolio of assets underlying the policies that have been sold. The valuation approach is based on the classical contingent claim pricing “machinery,” underpinned by Monte Carlo techniques for the computation of fair values. The article addresses in particular the issue of a fair contract design for a complex type of participating policy and analyzes in detail the feasible set of policy design parameters that would lead to a fair contract and the trade‐offs between these parameters.     

Asset Pricing of Insurance Loss Liabilities: Some Examples

I construct examples of valuing insurance loss liabilities with asset pricing models, comparing the Rubinstein‐Leland model with the better‐known CAPM. The two models give different values only if the loss payment is asymmetric and correlated with the market portfolio, conditions which can result from the nature of the underlying loss or from the impact of insolvency on the insurer's payment.
In examples where insolvency is not possible and there is no liquidity cost of raising new equity on short notice, the value of a loss liability is equal to the value of the underlying loss, i.e., of the promised coverage, and depends neither on (1) the size of the loss pool; nor on (2) the unsystematic risk of the insurer's liabilities; nor on (3) the composition of an insurer's investment portfolio; nor on (4) the amount of insurer equity.
These factors do affect the value of a loss liability in examples where insolvency and liquidity costs are considered. Other things equal, if a factor increases the likelihood of insolvency, the fair value of a loss liability is lower because the insured is partially self‐insuring; but the liquidity cost of maintaining solvency by raising new equity on short notice is higher, implying a higher fair value of the loss liability.     

Issues in the Drive to Measure Liabilities at Fair Value

This paper compares the discussion on liability measurement in Accounting The0y Monograph 10 with the liability measurement requirements in recent international proposals on accounting for financial instruments. Rather than conducting a detailed review of the Monograph, the paper examines three major issues which wawant amplifjing, extending or criticising: What is “fair value”? Why fair value liabilities? Should fair value include an entity's own credit risk? The focus is on financial liabilities such as “plain vanilla” debt; other financial liabilities, such as insurance obligations, pensions, wawanties and environmental damage restoration involve additional considerations and are therefore not considered.     

保险公司负债公允价值的评估

保险公司的资产与负债按照财务报告或风险管理的要求要用公允价值来表示其价值。保险公司负债主要由各种类型的保险合同组成。尽管金融产品的交易非常活跃,市场价格可以相对容易地获得,但像保险合同这样缺乏交易市场,并且风险是非系统化的金融产品的公允价值的计算却十分困难。通过分层次的方法可以有效地评估金融工具的公允价值,其中评估保险公司负债的公允价值最常用的方法是现值法。现值法中包含了直接法与间接法两种本质上等价的方法。本文对这两种方法分别作了分析,并提出了在评估保险公司负债的公允价值时需要考虑的一些现实问题。     

环境污染责任保险对企业债务融资成本的影响研究

在欧美发达经济体中,环境污染责任保险在实现经济与环境可持续发展中发挥着重要作用。环境污染责任保险在中国尚处于推广阶段,企业投保意愿不强,参保率较低,急需提高企业对环境污染责任保险的价值认同。环境污染责任保险是否具有资金融通效应,是企业主动接纳该类保险的重要驱动因素。为检验环境污染责任保险能否为企业带来资金融通的价值,文章以2014~2015年沪深A股上市公司为样本,基于前环保部2014及2015年公布的投保环境污染责任保险的公司名单,探究环境污染责任保险对重污染型企业债务融资成本的影响。研究结果显示,企业购买环境污染责任保险后债务融资成本显著降低。进一步研究发现,这一影响在民营企业及法制水平较高的地区中更为显著,并且企业环境信息披露行为在这一影响过程中发挥了部分中介效应。文章的研究结论为环境污染责任保险的资金融通价值提供了直接证据,更为推广环境污染责任保险,建立环境治理的市场机制提供参考。     

侵权立法对责任保险市场的影响机制

责任保险赖以存在及发展的基础在于完善的法律体系,尤其是侵权责任法.一国侵权责任法的不断完善,不仅有利于公民和法人承担责任,同时也会增加公众的维权和自我保护意识,从而刺激责任保险市场的需求与供给.本文采用CHH模型,通过侵权责任扩张与责任保险危机问题,分析了侵权立法对责任保险市场的影响机制,并基于美国责任保险市场发展模式...     

我国责任保险市场发展问题研究

本文系统研究中国责任保险市场发展基本状况,分别从我国责任保险的保费情况、市场份额、保险深度和密度等角度,分析责任保险市场发展现状及存在的问题,指出违法成本低、法律外部环境不健全、国家与保险公司重视程度不够是当前责任保险发展不足的主要原因。随后本文总结了发达国家责任保险的发展经验,并结合国内实际,提出了扩大责任保险的有效供给、增加责任保险的有效需求、因地制宜发展责任保险、完善与责任保险相关的法律法规以及部分责任保险需强制实施等在内的五条建议。     

‘Deprival value’ vs. ‘fair value’ measurement for contract liabilities: how to resolve the ‘revenue recognition’ conundrum?

Revenue recognition and measurement principles can conflict with liability recognition and measurement principles. We explore here under different market conditions when the two measurement approaches coincide and when they conflict. We show that where entities expect to earn ‘super profits’ (residual income) the conceptual conflict is exacerbated by the adoption of ‘fair value’ (FV) as the measurement basis for assets and liabilities rather than the more theoretically grounded approach of ‘deprival value/relief value’ (DV/RV) which better reflects the impact of, and rational management response to, varying market conditions. However, while the problems of balance sheet liability and revenue recognition, and the related problems of income statement presentation, can be resolved by the application of DV/RV reasoning, this is not sufficient fully to resolve issues of the appropriate timing of profit recognition. Performance measurement issues still need to be addressed directly. The standard setters' current projects on ‘revenue recognition’, ‘insurance contracts’ and ‘measurement’ therefore need broadening to consider the pervasive issue of accounting for internally generated intangibles.