美合格投资者制度的启示

2011年4月29日,银行间市场交易商协会发布《银行间债券市场非金融企业债务融资工具非公开定向发行规则》,标志着我国债务融资工具定向发行制度正式扬帆起航。定向发行具有效率高、费用少、方式灵活等优点,是金融市场证券发行不可或缺的重要手段。2010年,美国定向发行债券745支,总规模达2952.09亿美元,占公司信用类债券总发行量的比重超过30%。与公开发     

公司信用类债券发行审核规则比较

<正>公司信用类债券发行模式我国：精细化分散立法,审核权能下放我国《证券法》作为企业债券和公司债券的上位法依据,明确规定公开发行债券须经相关部门注册。中国人民银行发布的《银行间债券市场非金融企业债务融资工具管理办法》明确,发行债务融资工具应予以注册。在此之下,     

会计稳健性一定降低债券融资成本吗？——来自我国信用债市场的证据

债券市场作为多层次资本市场体系的重要组成,其持续健康发展对于优化市场资源配置功能至关重要。已有文献在研究企业会计信息质量与债务融资成本的关系时,普遍得出会计稳健性可以有效降低债务融资成本的结论。与之不同,本文以2010—2019年我国上市公司在沪深交易所及银行间市场发行的信用债为样本,实证研究发现：债券发行人的会计稳健性越高,其债券发行的信用利差也越高,意味着发债企业的会计稳健性将增加其债券融资成本。进一步研究发现,未来的债券合约重新谈判成本越高,发债企业的会计稳健性对其债券融资成本的不利影响越强,支持了债券合约的重新谈判成本是影响会计稳健性与债券融资成本之间关系的重要因素。上述研究结论深化了学术界对会计稳健性与债务融资成本之间关系的认识,亦为政府监管部门规范债券市场运行以提升会计信息质量在市场资源配置中的作用提供了政策启示。     

政治关联与公开债务融资

本文以2005-2013年沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,从公开债务融资选择、规模和期限三个维度,实证检验了政治关联与公开债务融资的关系。研究表明,董事长或总经理的政治关联更有利于公司获取公开债务融资;相对国有企业而言,这一影响在民营企业中更为显著。而同一期间内我们没有找到政治关联对私人债务融资具有显著影响的证据。这表明,债券市场的政府管制特征和商业银行的股份制改革改变了公司债务融资活动中的寻租行为,公司更倾向于通过政治关联获取公开债务融资,而不是银行借款等私人债务融资;进一步推动债券发行中的市场化改革,构建公平的市场环境,是我国未来债券市场改革的重要方向。     

非定向公开发行：新工具的深层思考

为活跃市场交易、推动市场发展,促进银行问债券市场需求的差异化、多样化,中国银行间市场交易商协会于2011年4月正式发布《银行间债券市场非金融企业债务融资工具非公开定向发行规则》。此后,中国五矿集团公司、中国国电集团公司、中国航空工业集团公司、中国中铁股份有限公司榴继以中期票据形式注册并成功发行定向工具,金额合计130亿元。非公开定向发行方式的推出不仅仅是债券品种的创新,更是发行方式的创新,为我国银行间债券市场的发展拓展了全新的平台。     

非定向发行解难企业融资

非金融企业债务融资工具是指具有法人资格的非金融企业在银行间债券市场发行的,约定在一定期限内还本付息的有价证券,主要包括短期融资券、中期票据和中小非金融企业集合票据。非金融企业债务融资工具非公开定向发行的优势     

我国中小企业债券市场发展：创新、不足与对策

本文以中小企业集合债券、短期融资券、集合票据、区域集优债务融资工具、私募债以及小微企业增信集合债券等产品为研究对象,分析了我国中小企业债券市场的现状及主要创新,指出中小企业债券市场发展过程中存在着发行主体较少、参与主体积极性缺乏、政策保障不到位、融资成本高等不足之处。为促进中小企业债券市场健康发展,最根本的是让中小企业债券市场回归直接金融。今后要加大对中小债券市场的政策支持,鼓励中小企业债券产品和发行模式创新,建立债券违约风险的止损机制,完善中小债券市场信息披露。     

中小企业短期融资券缘何难以推广发行

2008年央行发布了《银行间债券市场非金融企业债务融资工具管理办法》,没有对短期融资券发行企业在政策准人上设置“门槛”,这就是说中小企业可以进入银行间债券市场发行短期融资债券,并积极鼓励具备条件的中小企业到银行间债券市场融资,这为中小企业拓宽直接融资渠道开辟出了一条新路。但是,好的政策却是“叫好不叫座”,     

从债务期限影响因素看中小企业债券市场发展

融资难是当前困扰我国中小企业发展的最大瓶颈,大力发展中小企业债券市场,是降低间接融资系统性风险、提高中小企业融资规模的重要途径。本文首先以上市公司债务期限结构为对象,实证研究影响市场资金供求双方的影响因素,在现阶段我国债券市场的市场制度、风险偏好、发行人资质等综合条件下,发行短期债券是当前中小企业发展最现实的选择,受信息不对称、违约风险等因素的影响,保障企业稳定发展的中长期资金难以获得。     

管控债券发行中的细节以降低税务风险

<正>近年来,随着资金成本的上升和资本市场的发展,企业通过在公开市场发行债券的直接融资方式取代从银行贷款间情融资情况越来越普遍。根据此前中国人民银行行长周小川的说法,截至2012年7月末,非金融企业债务融资工具余额达到3.59万亿元,占我国企业直接债务融资规模的60%,公司信用类债券余额达6.2万亿元,占我国债券市场整体余额的25.8%,市场规模已排名世界第3位,亚洲第2位。越来越多的企业通过发行债券募集资金,但对于债     

RAISING CAPITAL WITH PRIVATE PLACEMENTS OF DEBT

In this study the role of private placements of debt in the capital acquisition decision of public utilities is investigated. Whereas public offerings are sales of securities through financial intermediaries to the public-at-large, private placements are direct sales of securities by an issuing corporation to a limited number of institutional investors. In contrast to the negative stock price reactions typically found for public security sales, private placements are associated with significant positive abnormal returns in the shares of the issuing public utilities. Also, larger private placements appear to elicit a more favorable market response. Results are consistent with reduced information asymmetries and increased monitoring of the issuing firm resulting from the private placement.     

Exploitation of the internal capital market and the avoidance of outside monitoring

Internal capital markets (ICMs) provide firms an alternative to costly external financing; however, they also provide an avenue to avoid the monitoring associated with issuing external capital. We argue that firms operating inefficient internal capital markets will avoid outside financing. Consistent with this view, conglomerates that cross-subsidize divisions or engage in value-destroying investment avoid external capital market oversight by refraining from issuing both debt and equity. We further show that firms issuing bonds while engaging in value-destroying investment experience yield spreads that are, on average, 46 basis points higher than those of other diversified firms. They similarly experience yield spreads that are 18 basis points higher when they issue syndicated loans. Value-destroying conglomerates also witness SEO announcement returns that are, on average, 1% more negative than firms operating more efficient internal capital markets.     

Size of Financing Need and the Choice between Asset Sales and Security Issuances

We study the effect of the size of financing need on a firm's choice between selling assets and issuing securities to finance its investments. The balance sheet effect predicts that a firm prefers to sell assets when the financing need is relatively small as there is less information asymmetry regarding the value of a (small) subset of its assets. When the financing need is large, a firm prefers issuing securities to selling assets. We find evidence supporting the prediction. Our findings remain unchanged when we employ measures of financing need that are relatively independent of the actual amount of financing raised.     

How Persistent Is the Impact of Market Timing on Capital Structure?

This paper examines the capital structure implications of market timing. I isolate timing attempts in a single major financing event, the initial public offering, by identifying market timers as firms that go public in hot issue markets. I find that hot‐market IPO firms issue substantially more equity, and lower their leverage ratios by more, than cold‐market firms do. However, immediately after going public, hot‐market firms increase their leverage ratios by issuing more debt and less equity relative to cold‐market firms. At the end of the second year following the IPO, the impact of market timing on leverage completely vanishes.     

Underwriting Fees and Shareholder Rights

Do firms’ governance provisions affect their terms of obtaining external financing? We hypothesize that it is more difficult for firms with more restrictions on shareholder rights to raise external equity, and that since analyst coverage is an important part of underwriting services, underwriters would use analyst recommendations to promote issuing firms with weaker shareholder rights more strongly and charge them higher underwriting fees. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that analyst recommendations on issuing firms with weak shareholder rights increase more than those with strong shareholder rights prior to SEOs, and that underwriting spreads are positively related to issuing firms’ shareholder rights as proxied by the G‐index. Furthermore, the effect of shareholder rights on underwriting fees is largely contained in the six provisions in the E‐index.     

上市公司中期票据融资的影响因素研究

本文以发行中期票据的A股上市公司为样本,通过配对样本研究以及Logistic判定分析方法,从企业财务特征视角深入研究影响企业发行中期票据的相关因素。研究结果表明,中期票据已经成为企业代替中期贷款的重要融资形式;同配对样本相比,发行中期票据的上市公司具有较大的规模、较高的财务成本以及较低的财务杠杆和经营风险,即公司规模与财务成本越高,财务杠杆与经营风险越低,则公司发行中期票据的概率越高。     

影响企业短期融资券发行定价的因素

本文运用偏相关分析、多元回归方法等对企业短期融资券发行定价的各种影响因素进行分析,试图找出我国承销商和发行人在确定发行价格时应考虑的主要因素,以及这些因素对发行定价的影响程度,从而为首次公开发行定价真正走向市场化提供指导.研究结果表明,企业所有制性质、央行票据发行利率、行业特征、发行规模等因素显著影响发行价格,流动性风险是发行市场考虑的重要因素,而发行主体的偿债能力、主承销商声誉等级等对发行价格的影响不显著.     

The Choice Among Long-Term Financing Instruments for Public Utilities

This study examines the decision of regulated utilities to raise new financing via common stock, debt, or preferred stock offerings. We develop several logit models to test how a set of relevant variables affects the issuing choice. These variables include the level of insider ownership, regulatory climates, measures of aggregate market conditions, bankruptcy risk, deviations from the long-and short-term target ratios, asset composition, etc. In addition, this paper tests whether the cross-sectional level of debt ratio is related to some of these same factors. Our findings indicate that U.S. electric utilities are not influenced by market timing when making a choice among long-term financing instruments. However, our results do show that ownership structure variables, such as the number of directors and officers, seem to have a significant negative influence upon the choice of common stock, thus lending support to Friend and Lang's finding. In addition, capital structure seems to matter for utilities.     

The decision to first enter the public bond market: The role of firm reputation,funding choices,and bank relationships

This paper uses survival analysis to investigate the timing of a firm’s decision to issue for the first time in the public bond market. We find that firms that are more creditworthy and have higher demand for external funds issue their first public bond earlier. We also find that issuing private bonds or taking out syndicated loans is associated with a faster entry to the public bond market. According to our results, the relationships that firms develop with investment banks in connection with their private bond issues and syndicated loans further speed up their entry to the public bond market. Finally, we find that a firm’s reputation has a “U-shaped” effect on the timing of a firm’s bond IPO. Consistent with Diamond’s reputational theory, firms that establish a track record of high creditworthiness as well as those that establish a track record of low creditworthiness enter the public bond market earlier than firms with intermediate reputation.     

能源工业发展与金融支持——基于面板数据的实证分析

利用2002～2008年中国能源工业发展与金融支持的面板数据，综合考察融资的规模、结构与能源工业的产值增长、能耗强度之间的关系，并基于79家上市能源企业的角度进行拓展和再证实。研究结果显示，融资规模扩大有利于能源工业的产值增长，但融资的开放程度和利用效率不断降低；不同的融资结构对产值增长的贡献率和能源消耗存在明显差异；国内贷款不仅对能源产业产值增长的贡献相对较低，还提高了单位增加值的能耗；相反，利用外资却能二者兼得；此外，增加股票和债券融资有助于促进自筹资金对能源产业产值增长的拉动作用.