公募基金改善了市场定价效率吗?——持股基金质量与股票收益

由于忽略了基金管理能力差异,现有文献无法证明公募基金可以改善市场定价效率,即基金持有的股票未来收益率并未优于市场平均水平。本文以2005—2020年中国市场数据为基础,构建了股票的持股基金质量指标(而非权重),并研究了该指标对未来表现的预测能力。实证结果表明,持股基金质量较高的股票表现显著优于质量较低的股票,基于该指标构建的套利组合可以获得年化14%左右的超额收益,且该现象不能被基金持股权重、羊群效应引起的价格压力、系统性风险和其他定价异象所解释。本文发现我国公募基金持仓正向预测资产未来收益率的证据,可为相关监管政策制定和执行提供启示。     

明星基金溢价效应:“高技术”还是“好运气”?

本文研究我国股票型、偏股型开放式基金的评级与未来业绩的关系。根据晨星公司的基金评级数据,每月构造1星级至5星级的基金投资组合,并采用Carhart四因子模型对组合收益进行风险调整,研究发现5星级基金每年能获得2%的超额收益率,5星级与1星级基金的套利组合年超额收益为6%。此外,采用自助法对超额收益率的进一步检验,本文发现,明星基金溢价与基金经理的选股能力无关,与基金经理的好运气有关。     

基于FF五因子模型的基金投资风格分析模型扩展研究

本文基于FF五因子模型将基金投资风格分类扩展为大-小市值、成长-价值、高-低盈利能力和高-低投资增速四个尺度。实证研究结果表明:(1)相对于FF三因子模型,FF五因子模型对我国基金投资风格及其持续性具有更强的解释力,同时利用不同检验期的数据进行回归分析,可以使扩展的基金投资风格分析模型能够更好地反映基金投资组合的迅速变化,时效性更强,从而能够更好地反映我国基金市场的变化特征;(2)我国基金业整体和基金经理更换分组并没有表现出获取超额收益率的能力,成长型和高盈利能力型投资风格在短期和中期内具有持续性;(3)基金经理未更换分组的情况下能够获取超额收益率,投资风格不具有持续性。     

机构投资者大幅增减仓对股票价格的影响研究--基于2014年中报数据的实证分析

运用事件研究法,选取2014年中报不同类型机构投资者大幅增减仓幅度、股票的超额收益率、同方向操作的机构数量等作为被研究变量,通过Stata12、Excel软件分析机构大幅增减仓在中短期内对股票价格的影响。研究发现,不同机构大幅增减仓对股价的影响有较大差异,机构大幅增仓比大幅减仓对股票的正面影响明显更大,但减仓的股票整体上也存在超额收益率;机构投资者增减仓幅度与股票超额收益率正相关,机构同买同卖的行为存在一定程度的“羊群效应”。因此,国家需进一步鼓励机构投资者的发展,引入更多的QFII,促进保险、券商、信托与基金发行差异化理财产品,机构应当理性投资,挖掘优质股票,避免羊群行为以减少对股票价格的冲击。     

机构投资者大幅增减仓对股票价格的影响研究——基于2014年中报数据的实证分析

运用事件研究法,选取2014年中报不同类型机构投资者大幅增减仓幅度、股票的超额收益率、同方向操作的机构数量等作为被研究变量,通过Stata12、Excel软件分析机构大幅增减仓在中短期内对股票价格的影响。研究发现,不同机构大幅增减仓对股价的影响有较大差异,机构大幅增仓比大幅减仓对股票的正面影响明显更大,但减仓的股票整体上也存在超额收益率;机构投资者增减仓幅度与股票超额收益率正相关,机构同买同卖的行为存在一定程度的"羊群效应"。因此,国家需进一步鼓励机构投资者的发展,引入更多的QFII,促进保险、券商、信托与基金发行差异化理财产品,机构应当理性投资,挖掘优质股票,避免羊群行为以减少对股票价格的冲击。     

基于基金经理更换的激励约束效应研究

本文以2005年至2009年为样本期,考察了基金业绩和内部治理机制在基金经理更换中的作用,以及更换后业绩和投资行为的变化。研究发现:业绩能够较好解释基金经理降职,但对升职解释不足。基金经理升职后,继任经理会改变投资风格,从而使得业绩能够保持;而降职之后,继任经理的投资风格和资产配置都发生了显著的变化,从而使得基金业绩在不增加投资组合风险的前提下得以改善。股权较为分散、股东间有效制衡的基金公司旗下的基金经理更容易被更换,但董事会制度与基金经理更换不尽相关。同时中资基金经理更换机制不如合资基金有效。所以,基金经理更换是一种较为有效但尚不完善的激励机制。     

基本养老保险基金投资、股票收益率与股价波动性

以2017—2022年各季度基本养老保险基金投资数据为样本,考察基本养老保险基金投资对股票收益率与股价波动性的影响。结果显示：基本养老保险基金持股比例变化对股票未来收益率有一定预测效应,持股比例增加会加剧股价波动。异质性检验表明,被持股公司规模越大,持股比例变化对股票收益率的影响越不明显,对股价波动性影响的时滞性越强。对于短期持股而言,持股比例增加会加剧股价波动,而对于长期持股而言,持股比例增加有利于稳定股价。鉴于此,应继续推动基本养老保险基金全国统筹,进一步扩大其市场化投资规模、延长投资考核期限,提升基金可持续发展能力。     

我国基金规模对业绩及其投资行为的影响分析

本文从实证角度出发,采用面板数据分析法研究基金规模与业绩及其投资行为之间的关系。结果显示:随着基金规模的扩大,基金经理先是倾向于提高投资组合内股票的持股比例,然后才是增加股票的数目,提高投资的分散化程度。大型基金随规模变大其投资分散化程度提高较显著;而大盘股基金随规模扩大其持股比例提高的程度较显著。     

中国上市公司行业投资价值分析

如果充分考虑了股票的风险，并且如果按照股票的总市值权重进行投资。是很难发现具有超额收益率的行业的。这一结论的意义在于，对于股票基金而言，资产的行业配置难以对风险充分调整后的超额收益率做出贡献。要想获得风险调整后的超额收益率，主要途径是加强选股能力，从而获得个券选择对超额收益的贡献。     

相对业绩排序对我国开放式基金风险调整行为的影响

本文选取2004年-2007年共201只开放式股票型基金作为样本,分析了相对业绩排序对基金经理投资组合风险选择的影响。结果表明,前期业绩排序中成为赢家的基金经理后期倾向于降低投资组合的风险,而输家调高了投资组合的风险水平;基金规模和成立时间长短对基金经理的风险选择影响显著,新基金和小规模基金的风险调整程度大于老基金和大规模基金;同时,研究发现牛市对基金的风险激励水平明显高于熊市。     

Stock preferences and derivative activities of Australian fund managers

The present paper examines both the characteristics of stocks that fund managers prefer to hold and their use of derivatives. We find strong evidence that fund managers prefer large, liquid and low volatility stocks. Weak evidence exists that fund managers prefer to hold stocks that are past winners. In relation to derivatives, just over half of the sampled Australian fund managers hold derivatives in the form of exchange traded options. Of those that do trade in derivatives, it is found the level of exposure to stock price movements achieved by options is not significant relative to the total investment portfolio.     

Portfolio pumping: An examination of investment manager quarter-end trading and impact on performance

Utilizing a database of daily institutional fund manager trades, we examine the contribution of strategic trading at quarter-end associated with potential ‘portfolio pumping’ or ‘ramping up’ of reported stock prices around quarter-ends. We provide the first direct evidence that active fund managers tend to purchase illiquid stocks on the last day of the quarter, in stocks in which they already hold overweight portfolio positions. Consistent with the way fund managers are evaluated, we found that the poor-performing managers display greater evidence of portfolio pumping. Both increased regulatory scrutiny and improvements to market microstructure design reduce the severity of stock price changes at quarter-ends.     

Time-varying fund manager skills of socially responsible investing (SRI) funds in developed and emerging markets

We examine stock selectivity and timing abilities in the market-wide return, volatility and liquidity of SRI fund managers. We find that multi-dimensional fund manager skills are time-varying and persistent in the short run, with developed market funds exhibiting longer persistence in all dimensions. Fund manager skills tend to be affected by fund characteristics (i.e., expense ratio, fund size, turnover and management tenure) and market characteristics (i.e., ESG market capitalization, mandatory ESG regulation and 10–2 yield spread). Fund managers of developed (emerging) market funds outperform (underperform) the market indices. For both fund types, fund managers possess exceptional volatility and liquidity timing despite poor return timing. Moreover, fund managers focus more (less) on timing the market’s return and less (more) on picking stocks when the prospect of recession keeps increasing (decreasing). Interestingly, if fund managers attempt to time the market-wide return or liquidity, stock selectivity will be worsened by their timing behavior.     

Portfolio Selection and Optimization with Higher Moments: Evidence from the Indian Stock Market

The Markowitz portfolio optimization model, popularly known as the Mean-Variance model, assumes that stockreturns follow normal distribution. But when stock returns do not follow normal distribution, this model wouldbe inadequate as it would prescribe sub-optimal portfolios. Stock market literature often deliberates that stock returns are non-normal. In such context the Markowitz model would not be sufficient to estimate the portfolio risks. The purpose of this paper is to expand the original Markowitz portfolio theory (mean-variance) via adding the higher order moments like skewness (third moment about the mean) and kurtosis (fourth moment about the mean) in the return characteristics. The research paper investigates the impact of including higher moments using multi-objective programming model for portfolio stock selection and optimization. The empirical results indicate that the inclusion of higher moments had a considerable impact in estimating the returns behavior of portfolios. The portfolios optimized using all the four moments, generated higher returns for the given level of risk in comparison to the returns of the Markowitz model during the study period 2000–2011. The results of this study would be immensely useful to fund managers, portfolio managers and investors as it would help them in understanding the Indian stock market behavior better and also in selecting alternative portfolio selection models.     

Stock price fragility

We study the relation between the ownership structure of financial assets and non-fundamental risk. We define an asset to be fragile if it is susceptible to non-fundamental shifts in demand. An asset can be fragile because of concentrated ownership, or because its owners face correlated or volatile liquidity shocks, i.e., they must buy or sell at the same time. We formalize this idea and apply it to mutual fund ownership of US stocks. Consistent with our predictions, fragility strongly predicts price volatility. We then extend the logic of fragility to investigate two natural extensions: (1) the forecast of stock return comovement and (2) the potentially destabilizing impact of arbitrageurs on stock prices.     

Mandatory Portfolio Disclosure,Stock Liquidity,and Mutual Fund Performance

We examine the impact of mandatory portfolio disclosure by mutual funds on stock liquidity and fund performance. We develop a model of informed trading with disclosure and test its predictions using the May 2004 SEC regulation requiring more frequent disclosure. Stocks with higher fund ownership, especially those held by more informed funds or subject to greater information asymmetry, experience larger increases in liquidity after the regulation change. More informed funds, especially those holding stocks with greater information asymmetry, experience greater performance deterioration after the regulation change. Overall, mandatory disclosure improves stock liquidity but imposes costs on informed investors.     

Stock index adjustments and analysts’ forecast optimism: A quasi-natural experiment on the CSI 300 Index

As stock index adjustments comprise a basic system of capital market, their potential influence on analysts’ earnings forecasts is worthy of research. Based on a research sample of 23 adjustments to the CSI 300 Index from June 2007 to June 2018 and the backup stocks announced during the same period, this study examines the impact of additions to stock index on analysts’ forecast optimism using a staggered difference-in-differences model. The research results show that after stocks are added to the stock index, analysts’ earnings forecast optimism about these stocks increases significantly. Cross-sectional analysis indicates that this increase is more significant when the market is bullish, institutional ownership is low, the ratio of listed brokerage firms is low, star analyst coverage is low, firms show seasoned equity offering activity, the ratio of analysts from the top five brokerage firms ranked by commission income is high, and the analysts’ brokerage firms are shareholders. However, analyst-level tests find that analysts’ ability helps to reduce the impact of additions to stock index on earnings forecast optimism. Furthermore, additions to stock index significantly increase analyst coverage and forecast divergence. Economic consequences tests find additions to stock index significantly increases stock price synchronization, which is partly mediated by analysts’ earnings forecast optimism. This study enriches the literature on the impact of basic capital market systems and analyst behavior. The findings suggest that investors should rationally evaluate analysts’ earnings forecasts for stocks added to the stock index and obtain further information from various channels to improve asset allocation efficiency.     

The holdings markup behavior of mutual funds: evidence from an emerging market

This paper uncovers a seasonal mutual fund holdings markup pattern in Taiwan’s market. Specifically, we find that fund’s equity holdings jump up significantly at the quarter-ends and year-end while drop back immediately to the previous level in the following month. While the holdings markup pattern found in this paper may look similar to the price markup phenomenon found by Carhart et al. (J Finance 57:661–693, 2002), the mechanism used by fund managers in the performance inflation may be quite different. In specific, while Carhart et al. (J Finance 57:661–693, 2002) document that fund managers use the stocks currently held in their portfolio to mark up the fund performance, we find that fund managers in fact use both the stocks already held in their portfolio and the new stocks to mark up their holdings. Furthermore, Carhart et al. (J Finance 57:661–693, 2002) do not explicitly examine if there exists a holdings markup in addition to the price markup. In this study, we fill this gap by directly exploring the holdings markup behavior by the fund managers. We also identify the specific stock characteristics that fund managers prefer in their holdings markup. In specific, fund managers prefer to trade growth stocks, stocks with larger market capitalization, higher institutional ownership, higher quality of earnings, and stocks in the high-tech industry, to inflate the fund performance. We also find that fund managers tend to avoid stocks that are herded by other funds.     

Portfolio concentration and fund manager performance

This research examines the relationships among portfolio concentration, fund manager skills, and fund performance in Taiwan's equity mutual fund industry, yielding several empirical findings as follows. First, after controlling for other factors, concentrated equity funds tend to have smaller net asset values, larger fund flows, higher turnover rates, and a younger age and prevail in smaller fund families. Second, concentrated fund managers buy and sell stocks more smartly based on economic trends or market factors than do diversified fund managers, i.e., they have better market‐timing abilities. Third, only partial evidence supports the premise that concentrated equity funds have better next‐quarter risk‐adjusted performances than do diversified ones, as these fund managers' skills positively correlate to risk‐adjusted fund performance. Fourth, fund managers who have better stock‐picking abilities and intensively invest in certain industries generally exhibit better Carhart's alpha in the next quarter than do other fund managers. Fifth, fund managers' stock‐picking abilities more closely relate to long‐term performance than do their market‐timing abilities. Lastly, positive performance persistence is much stronger than negative performance persistence, but concentrated funds do not have stronger performance persistence than do diversified funds.     

The Conditional Performance of REIT Stock Repurchases

This paper uses a conditional performance measure to test whether real estate investment trust (REIT) managers announcing stock repurchases have private information about their firms' prospects. We use stock price to condition for public information and measure the managers' implied private information by the covariance between repurchase size and subsequent stock payoffs (or operating performance). Results show that managers have private information but mostly with respect to long-term as opposed to near-term payoffs. We also find that repurchase size is positively related to a stock's idiosyncratic return volatility, perhaps because noisy stocks deviate farther from fundamental value, offering informed managers larger profit potential. JEL Classification G12 G14 G35