发起人间接经验能有效提高筹资效率吗?——基于京东众筹平台交易数据的实证分析

众筹平台发起人的筹资能力为何呈现巨大的差异?优秀的筹资者是如何获得超额筹资的?众筹平台作为典型的双边市场,已有研究仅关注发起人直接经验对筹资效率的影响,发起人的间接经验同样值得关注。基于京东众筹平台数据,实证分析发起人间接经验对众筹筹资效率的影响。研究发现间接经验对筹资效率存在显著影响,通过间接经验对筹资效率影响机制的分析发现：一方面,间接经验可以通过降低目标筹资金额和最低投资金额的设定实现筹资效率的提升;另一方面,间接经验还能通过增加投资回报档位设定以及增加项目更新数两个渠道提升筹资效率。因此对间接经验的分析有助于众筹项目发起者提高筹资效率,加快资金供需匹配,有效解决中小企业融资难、融资贵等问题。     

哪些因素决定在线众筹的成功?——基于京东众筹的实证研究

随着互联网的发展,新兴起的众筹融资方式也迅速得到发展,并逐渐成为一些高科技小微企业融资的新方式。通过以筹资额最大的京东众筹为例,基于京东众筹339个众筹成功项目披露的16项指标,对我国众筹成功的因素进行实证研究。主要采用的研究方法是,通过因子分析和回归分析,建立关于众筹成功率和项目参与人数、项目关注人数和项目目标金额等多项指标的计量统计模型,为我国采用众筹方式的筹资者和众筹平台提供借鉴和参考,为投资人在选择众筹项目时提供依据,从而促进我国众筹市场高效发展。     

众筹项目融资效率、影响因素以及空间溢出效应

利用国内知名网站——众筹网不同融资项目的微观数据,在空间计量模型设定下实证分析众筹项目融资效率影响因素以及空间溢出效应。研究结果表明:对于众筹项目融资效率而言,广泛的备选因素中项目关注数、评论数等网络互动因素发挥了统计意义上显著的影响作用,设置较低的筹资目标有利于提高融资效率;不同众筹项目的融资效率在空间上具有正向的溢出效应。最后,结合经验研究提供了相关启示。     

羊群效应、融资目标与众筹融资 ——基于"众筹网"的投资行为研究

本文通过抓取国内最有影响力的众筹平台——"众筹网"项目数据和投资人信息,从众筹融资的需求出发研究投资人行为。研究结果表明,众筹市场中存在一定程度的羊群效应。研究还发现:这些羊群效应是"非理性的",即投资人只是单纯地模仿其他人的投资决策,而项目的相关信息对投资人的投资决策影响较小;众筹融资中具有较强的"目标效应",当项目融资目标达成后,潜在投资人虽降低了对项目不确定性的担心,但其行为更多受到责任扩散效应的影响。     

重大疾病救助公益慈善网筹机理与治理导向

国家怎样在公益慈善互联网众筹趋势下构建全民微慈善社会救助公共服务体系是一个亟须研究的重大课题。本文基于长尾理论和责任扩散理论的学理内涵,选取1000个重大疾病救助众筹项目,探究民间匿名散捐力量主导的重大疾病救助善款众筹获取机制、内在逻辑和治理导向。研究发现:网络慈善众筹具有"救急不问病"和"偶遇点捐"的内生机理特征,特急救助捐赠的羊群效应较强;众筹周期和众筹绩效反相关,捐赠责任扩散效应先弱后强的特征明显;众筹绩效的社会长尾效应显著,慈善救助的公共福利效用纳什均衡特征不明显;在信用讯号被社会有效识别基础上,众筹绩效与项目执行方认同度正相关,且存在显著的机构类型差异和不显著的机构层级差异。在治理导向上,互联网众筹还需政府、公益慈善机构、互联网众筹平台合力逐步引导完善。     

商品众筹项目成功因素实证研究

众筹是基于互联网的全新融资模式,对于解决小微初创企业融资难题具有重要的意义。本文以京东商品众筹平台为例,利用二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型进行实证研究发现,项目的成功与否与设定的目标金额、回报周期、产品的单位价格、项目信息披露质量等因素有关。因此,为提升商品众筹项目的成功率,项目发起人应合理设定目标金额和产品单价,尽量缩短项目的回报周期,并不断改进信息披露的质量。     

感知不确定性对产品众筹结果的影响:社会信息的调节作用

从提高众筹项目成功度的角度出发,运用多层次OLS回归方法,探讨了感知不确定性的各个方面对产品众筹结果的影响,并基于信号理论,进一步分析了社会信息的调节作用。研究发现,感知不确定性对产品众筹结果存在显著影响,其中预期回报时间和产品价格对众筹结果具有显著消极影响,项目进展公布次数对众筹结果具有显著积极影响。进一步研究发现,社会信息能够传递出积极的质量信号,增强消费者信心,负向调节感知不确定性对产品众筹结果的影响。     

信息不对称视角下产品特征对奖励型众筹融资绩效研究——社会影响力的调节作用

众筹为企业融资提供了新渠道,产品特征是影响奖励型众筹融资绩效的关键因素。基于信号理论,从信息不对称视角,探讨产品经济性信号和品质性信号对奖励型众筹融资绩效的影响,并进一步分析社会影响力对产品信号的调节作用。利用京东众筹的样本数据进行检验,结果表明,产品价格、产品折扣、图片数量和项目更新数对众筹融资绩效有显著正向影响;社会影响力正向调节图片数量、项目更新数对众筹融资绩效的影响。研究结果将信号理论深化并繁衍至奖励型众筹研究领域,并对筹资者如何提高众筹融资效果给予建议和启示。     

线上众筹产品的特征分析与研究

随着互联网金融的发展,互联网产品众筹发展迅速,深受商家和消费者喜爱,但互联网产品众筹刚刚兴起,还没有经验和规律可循,产品众筹设计基本都是相互参考、借鉴。本文通过采集目前线上知名的京东众筹平台1000个正在众筹的产品数据作为研究基础。根据产品类型和数据类型,展开线上众筹产品的特征研究,为今后的互联网众筹的发展提供了一些有价值的参考。     

众筹项目达成结果影响因素分析及预测——以青橘众筹平台为例

随着互联网金融的进一步发展,众筹已经成为中青年创业、创新的推动力量。众筹平台项目达成率是投融资人的决策参考因素,也是平台经营效率、经营业绩的重要衡量指标。基于中国众筹平台项目达成率普遍偏低的问题,本文运用二分类Logistic回归模型,探究影响众筹项目筹资结果的主要因素;实证结果显示,筹资人是否提供社交媒体联系方式、项目目标金额、项目筹资期限、项目被分享的次数以及部分项目分类是影响项目成败的主要因素。本文基于实证结果,进一步建立项目达成概率预测模型,依靠上述指标预测项目成功的可能性概率,并将从众筹平台、筹资人、投资人三个维度提出具有针对性的建议。     

质量信号、投资人参与、项目经济性对农产品众筹融资达成率的影响——基于众筹网884个农业众筹项目的数据

使用众筹网884个农业众筹项目的数据，基于投资者需求的角度，结合农产品特色，从质量信号、投资人参与、项目经济性三个维度对农产品众筹融资达成率进行分析。结果表明：相比质量信号，农产品众筹中的“羊群效应”显著；目标融资额反向影响农业众筹融资达成率。进一步研究发现：发起人有项目经验时，投资人更加注重时间成本，发起人无项目经验时，投资人更加注重货币成本；目标融资额显著负向调节管理质量（项目更新次数）对农业众筹融资达成率的影响。因此，为提高农业众筹融资达成率，发起人应当积累项目经验与社会资本，提高项目经济性；平台方应建立健全优质项目筛选机制，提高平台知名度，引导正向“羊群效应”。     

Entrepreneurs' facial trustworthiness,gender, and crowdfunding success

This study examines whether and how entrepreneurs' facial trustworthiness is associated with the success of their crowdfunding campaigns. We adopt a novel dataset extracted from the Kickstarter crowdfunding platform and employ machine learning-based facial detection techniques to construct a comprehensive index that measures facial trustworthiness for our investigation. Our results suggest that entrepreneurs' facial trustworthiness is positively associated with crowdfunding campaign success. Specifically, trustworthy-looking entrepreneurs receive a 13.1% greater pledge amount and attract 4.8% more backers in their crowdfunding campaign as compared to those who are untrustworthy-looking. We also find that the facial trustworthiness of female entrepreneurs plays a more prominent role in determining project success than that of male entrepreneurs. Our results are robust to a series of additional analyses and sensitivity checks. Overall, the results of our study suggest that entrepreneurs' facial trustworthiness is an important factor that affects funders' decision-making process in reward-based crowdfunding.     

众筹融资运营模式及风险分析

以互联网平台为重要载体的众筹融资降低了创业者的融资门槛，也是市场营销的有效手段，优势独特。项目发起人通过众筹社区平台向支持者筹集资金，以项目发布机制为起点，以市场营销机制为动力，以资金流转机制为核心，以利益回报机制为保障，以社区交流机制为协调。作为一种新生事物，众筹融资蕴藏着法律风险、技术风险、信用风险和管理风险。应该从政策、众筹主体等多个角度共同规范，降低众筹融资的风险，推进众筹的健康发展。     

Does Consumer Protection Enhance Disclosure Credibility in Reward Crowdfunding?

We study how the interplay of disclosure and regulation shapes capital allocation in reward crowdfunding. Using data from Kickstarter, the largest online reward crowdfunding platform, we show that, even in the absence of clear regulation and enforcement mechanisms, disclosure helps entrepreneurs access capital for their projects and bolsters engagement with potential project backers, consistent with the notion that disclosure mitigates moral hazard. We further document that, subsequent to a change in Kickstarter's terms of use that increases the threat of consumer litigation, the association between project funding and disclosure becomes stronger. This evidence suggests that consumer protection regulation enhances the perceived credibility of disclosure. We find the effect of the change in terms of use to be more pronounced in states with stricter consumer protection regulations. Taken together, our findings yield important insights on the role of disclosure, as well as on the potential effects of increased regulation on crowdfunding platforms.     

Higher education and stakeholders’ donations: successful civic crowdfunding in an Italian university

Can civic crowdfunding be used to improve the structures and services offered by public universities? Are stakeholders willing to make donations to such projects? This paper answers these questions by analysing a successful civic crowdfunding project in an Italian university. Stakeholders were found to be willing to engage in crowdfunding and make donations. The key to success is to ensure effective communication and to draw on feelings of belonging to the institution.     

Determinants of individual investment decisions in investment‐based crowdfunding

We investigate determinants of investment decisions in investment‐based (equity and bond) crowdfunding campaigns, using a novel investment‐, investor‐ and campaign‐level database, where equity refers to investments in entrepreneurial start‐ups and bonds to large real estate projects. We find that investors who have higher social interactions invest more. Social interactions are important in an equity crowdfunding context but do not affect participation in bond investments. This is consistent with the view that investors' social networks help reduce information asymmetry. Women invest less in the riskiest (equity) investments but more in safer ones (bonds). These findings are better explained by differences in risk aversion than differences in overconfidence between men and women. Overall, the findings contribute to the understanding of how investment‐based crowdfunding can be a viable source of entrepreneurial finance and how entrepreneurs' campaign decisions affect investor participation in this new form of entrepreneurial finance.     

Follow the Crowd: How Social Information and Social Identity Influence Investing Decisions

Increasingly, jurisdictions around the world have been enacting standards that formally allow organizations to offer equity using the crowdfunding model. Using the Internet, the crowdfunding model raises capital by soliciting from a large number of people (i.e., the crowd). A key feature of crowdfunding that has been embraced by regulators is the use of social information to inform investors as a safeguard for this type of investing. However, research has not yet explored how investors utilize this information. In this study, I investigate whether social information can shift investors away from financial maximization goals. Social identity theory predicts that people can be provoked to act as representatives of their group, setting aside individual interests. I predict, and find, that positive social information focused on an equity crowdfunding organization can activate the social identity of investors who share an identity with that organization, causing them to invest more in a relatively weak organization. In a moderated mediation analysis, I find that positive social information provokes investors who share an identity with an organization to feel a stronger connection to that organization, leading them to increase investment. In addition, I explore whether investors’ perceptions of negative social information are moderated by their social identity. I find that investors who are deeply committed to an identity shared with an organization experiencing negative social information will defensively invest in that organization. The findings of this study will be of interest to investors, regulators, and crowdfunding organizations.     

Gender differences in reward-based crowdfunding

We document several gender differences in reward-based crowdfunding by analyzing a large sample of Kickstarter campaigns. We argue that these differences are most plausibly explained by male entrepreneurs’ relative over-optimism. Suggesting a tendency to overestimate the demand for their products, we find that male entrepreneurs set higher goal amounts, resulting in more frequent campaign failures. In successive campaigns, male entrepreneurs’ goal amounts and success rates converge toward those of female entrepreneurs, consistent with entrepreneurial experience mitigating the behavioral bias. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs learn from experience, and that female first-time entrepreneurs may have more realistic expectations of the demand for their products, increasing their success rates in crowdfunding. Moreover, although serial entrepreneurs exhibit better performance already in their first campaigns, they still improve over successive campaigns, further highlighting the importance of entrepreneurial learning.     

Crowdfunding models: Keep-It-All vs. All-Or-Nothing

Reward-based crowdfunding campaigns are commonly offered in one of two models via fundraising goals set by an entrepreneur: “Keep-It-All” (KIA), where the entrepreneur keeps the entire amount raised regardless of achieving the goal, and “All-Or-Nothing” (AON), where the entrepreneur keeps nothing unless the goal is achieved. We hypothesize that AON forces the entrepreneur to bear greater risk and encourages crowdfunders to pledge more capital enabling entrepreneurs to set larger goals. We further hypothesize that AON is a costly signal of commitment for entrepreneurs yielding a separate equilibrium with higher quality and more innovative projects with greater success rates. Empirical tests support both hypotheses.