交易成本经济学、组织失灵与管理会计研究

本文讨论了交易成本经济学中的制度、层级与企业边界等范畴对管理会计研究的基础作用,阐释了组织失灵理论的一些重要观点与管理会计研究的关系;认为管理会计是组织制度的一部分,交易成本经济学和组织失灵理论为分析管理会计的经济性质,进而为从制度与机制设计的角度认识管理会计系统的性质、功能与研究方法论等重要基础理论问题提供新的视野和机会。     

论会计教育理念

会计教育中重"教"轻"育"是长期以来的重要问题之一,其主要原因在于对会计教育理解的狭窄和会计教育理念的模糊与混乱。本文从会计的经济性质、管理性质、文化性质、信号性质、哲学性质等论证入手,探讨了会计教育的含义,梳理了人们对会计教育理念关注的内容,提出了会计教育理念的概念及其内涵、外延,构建了会计教育理念的内容框架,分析了现行会计教育理念中的问题、误区及对策。     

会计造假与高校会计诚信教育

企业会计造假、会计信息失真,是我国财经领域存在的一个突出问题。会计面临诚信危机的严峻挑战,加强会计诚信教育已迫在眉睫。文章通过会计造假的现状、危害及其原因分析,探讨如何通过加强高校会计诚信教育,使其能够在今后的会计工作中自觉抵制会计造假,不做假账,防范会计职业风险。     

我国会计职业资格管理发展历程、问题与反思——基于《会计行业中长期人才发展规划(2010-2020年)》

会计人才是我国专业人才队伍的重要组成部分,推动科学发展、是维护市场经济秩序、促进社会和谐的重要力量。而加强会计人才队伍建设,加强我国会计职业资格管理,不仅关系到提高会计行业的核心竞争力、确保会计工作在促进经济社会发展等方面发挥重要作用,而且关系到建设创新型国家、实施人才战略的大局。基于此,本文从我国会计职业资格管理发展的历程出发,剖析了其现存的相关问题,最后提出相关的完善策略。     

我国会计职业资格管理发展历程、问题与反思——基于《会计行业中长期人才发展规划（2010-2020年）》

会计人才是我国专业人才队伍的重要组成部分,推动科学发展、是维护市场经济秩序、促进社会和谐的重要力量。而加强会计人才队伍建设,加强我国会计职业资格管理,不仅关系到提高会计行业的核心竞争力、确保会计工作在促进经济社会发展等方面发挥重要作用,而且关系到建设创新型国家、实施人才战略的大局。基于此,本文从我国会计职业资格管理发展的历程出发,剖析了其现存的相关问题。最后提出相关的完善策略。     

我国会计国际化进程刍议

本文分析了会计国际协调的成因和进展 ,论证会计国际化是必然趋势 ;探讨了主要发达国家和部分西方学者对会计国际化的态度 ,论证会计国际化是一个政治程序而非技术范畴 ;分析了国际会计准则的基本特点及其在我国的实践及研究发现 ,推论了国际会计准则的角色 ;讨论了国际财务报告准则的发展战略及其应用环境问题 ,并对我国会计国际化进程提出政策建议     

绿色会计的要素确认与账户设置

绿色会计是将会计学与自然环境相结合以货币为主要计量单位,以相关的环境法律、法规为依据,对环境及其变化进行确认、计量、披露和分析,以便为决策者提供环境信息的—种会计理论和方法。本文就绿色会计的要素确认及其账户设置提出自己的建议。一、绿色会计要素与传统会计要素的比较尽管绿色会计是传统会计的一个分支,但作为绿色会计其会计     

会计计量模式之比较与选择:历史成本与公允价值

会计计量是会计系统的核心与关键,会计计量模式是会计计量要素的不同组合,会计计量要素的性质、着力点和角度的不同决定了会计计量模式各有特点。会计计量模式的合理选择将直接影响到会计实务的顺利进行和会计目标的有效实现。作为两种重要的会计计量模式,历史成本与公允价值一直备受关注,也饱受争议,那么,在具体会计实务中,究竟该作何选择?文章就此问题进行了一些探索。     

会计存在与会计意识——基于会计角色转变的视角

社会的不断进步,极大地推动了会计的发展,使得会计地位不断提升,会计角色越来越重要.文章基于会计角色转变的视角,借鉴哲学意义上存在与意识的辩证统一关系,探讨会计意义上会计存在与会计意识的关系,会计存在决定会计意识,会计意识反作用于会计存在.     

建立税收会计制度准确核算计税所得和计税成本

一、会计利润与计税所得差异的主要内容 会计利润与计税所得出现的差异按照其产生的原因及其性质,可分为两类,一类是永久性差异,一类是时间性差异.     

会计制度变迁与政府治理结构

本文试图通过产权和交易成本理论范式来搭建政府治理结构理论框架,并以此框架来阐释我国改革开放二十多年来的会计制度变迁行为。会计制度变迁行为背后的逻辑关系是政府财政部门为了履行法律所赋予的职责,完善政府治理结构,明晰利益相关各方的产权关系而做的努力。会计准则和会计制度作为一种政府治理工具或手段,其经济后果是降低了政府的监管成本以及节约了企业的交易成本。     

Accounting in markets, hierarchies and networks: The role of accounting in the transnational governance of postal transactions

We examine the changing role of accounting in the development of the international postal system between 1840 and the emergence of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) in 1875. We use the distinction between mundane and opportunistic transaction costs to explain why accounting disappeared as a coordinating mechanism as postal transactions migrated from spot market exchanges, through bilateral contracts (treaties) between nations, into a network of domestic post offices coordinated by the UPU. Our analysis refines the application of transaction cost economics to the understanding of the role of management accounting in different governance mechanisms.     

Profitable predictability in the cross section of stock returns

Haugen and Baker (1996) report that a long-short stock selection strategy based on more than 50 measures of accounting information and past return behavior would have generated excess returns of approximately 3% per month. We find that the Haugen and Baker strategies do not provide attractive returns after transaction costs if an investor already has access to strategy portfolios based on book-to-market and momentum. We also provide an extensive analysis of transaction costs over a long sample and we report results of independent interest to researchers in market microstructure.     

FILTER RULE TESTS OF THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SERIAL DEPENDENCIES IN DAILY STOCK RETURNS

In this paper we examine the ability of filter rules to predict variation in expected daily returns for a sample of 120 Dow Jones and S&P 100 stocks from 1963 through 1989. Equally weighted portfolios of filter-rule-traded stocks consistently outperform a buy-and-hold portfolio of the same stocks before accounting for transaction costs. The difference in returns between filter rule and buy-and-hold portfolios is eliminated by one-way transaction costs of 12 basis points. The economic significance of daily stock return autocorrelations is estimated. A marginal 1 percent increase in a first-order autocorrelation increases filter rule returns by an estimated 3.84 percent.     

Testing for Mean-Variance Spanning with Short Sales Constraints and Transaction Costs: The Case of Emerging Markets

We propose regression-based tests for mean-variance spanning in the case where investors face market frictions such as short sales constraints and transaction costs. We test whether U.S. investors can extend their efficient set by investing in emerging markets when accounting for such frictions. For the period after the major liberalizations in the emerging markets, we find strong evidence for diversification benefits when market frictions are excluded, but this evidence disappears when investors face short sales constraints or small transaction costs. Although simulations suggest that there is a possible small-sample bias, this bias appears to be too small to affect our conclusions.     

From Implicit to Explicit: The Impact of Disclosure Requirements on Hidden Transaction Costs

This paper provides evidence that disclosing corporate bond investors' transaction costs (markups) affects the size of the markups. Until recently, markups were embedded in the reported transaction price and not explicitly disclosed. Without explicit disclosure, investors can estimate their markups using executed transaction prices. However, estimating markups imposes information processing costs on investors, potentially creating information asymmetry between unsophisticated investors and bond‐market professionals. We explore changes in markups after bond‐market professionals were required to explicitly disclose the markup on certain retail trade confirmations. We find that markups decline for trades that are subject to the disclosure requirement relative to those that are not. The findings are pronounced when constraints on investors' information processing capacity limit their ability to be informed about their markups without explicit disclosure.     

Transaction costs, quality, and economies of scale: examining contracting choices in the hospital industry

This study examines make or buy decisions for 196 hospitals in the United States using transaction costs as the basis for analysis. We examine the potential effects of quality and economies of scale on these decisions. We find evidence to support the view that transaction costs, quality and economies of scale play an important role in the integration decision and that this role depends on whether the transaction is industry-specific or generic in nature. This study examines the contracting choices of many firms across multiple transactions with a significantly larger data set than previous work in the area.     

History repeats itself: The acquisition method and nonrecurring charges

The Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No. 141 (R) that replaces Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 141, Business Combinations. The new standard mandates use of the acquisition method, which requires expense treatment for acquisition-related transaction costs. Expense treatment is a departure from purchase accounting procedures, but is consistent with past guidance of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 16 for the pooling-of-interests method. Restoration of historical and controversial accounting procedures resurrects past outcomes. This study utilizes econometric techniques to predict outcomes of the acquisition method. Evidence indicates that expensing acquisition-related costs may improve transparent reporting. The results, based on 638 business combinations from 1994 through 1998, support the expectation that expense treatment for acquisition-related costs increases the likelihood that these costs appear more frequently and are greater in magnitude.     

Market liquidity,closeout procedures and initial margin for CCPs*

ABSTRACT

Closeout procedures enable central counterparties (CCPs) to respond to events that challenge the continuity of their normal operations, most frequently triggered by the default of one or more clearing members. The procedures typically entail three main phases: splitting, hedging, and liquidation. Together, these ensure the regularity of the settlement process through the prudent and orderly liquidation of the defaulters’ portfolios. Traditional approaches to CCPs’ margin requirements typically assume a simple closeout profile, not accounting for the ‘real life’ constraints embedded in the management of a default. The paper proposes an approach to assess how distinct closeout strategies may expose a CCP to different sets of risks and costs taking into account real-life frictions. The proposed approach enables the evaluation of a full spectrum of hedging strategies and the assessment of the trade-offs between the risk-reducing benefits of hedging and the transaction costs associated with it. Using an unexplored set of transactional level data, the proposed framework is evaluated assuming the hypothetical default of a real CCP clearing member. We consider the worst-case loss of a large interest rate swap portfolio observed over the past 10 years (i.e. 2005–2015) and show that an efficient hedging strategy which minimises risk may not be optimal when transaction costs are taken into account. The empirical analysis suggests that transaction costs are a significant factor and should be accounted for when designing a hedging strategy. Specifically, it is shown that the risk-reducing benefits arising from more tailored hedging strategies may introduce higher transaction costs, and therefore may change the effectiveness of the strategies.     

Alternative models for hedging yield curve risk: An empirical comparison

We test alternative models of yield curve risk by hedging US Treasury bond portfolios through note/bond futures. We show that traditional implementations of models based on principal component analysis, duration vectors and key rate duration lead to high exposure to model errors and to sizable transaction costs, thus lowering the hedging quality. Also, this quality randomly varies from one model and hedging problem to the other. We show that accounting for the variance of modeling errors substantially reduces both hedging errors and transaction costs for all considered models. Additionally, it leads to much more stable weights in the hedging portfolios and – as a result – to more homogeneous hedging quality. On this basis, error-adjusted principal component analysis is found to systematically and significantly outperform alternative models.